release-24.3: roachtest: update liquibase test harness

[rafiss]

Backport 1/1 commits from #154801 on behalf of @rafiss.

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This resolves an issue where the test started failing because of an outdated java version.

fixes #154519
fixes #154606
fixes #154516
fixes #154508
fixes #154504
fixes #154511

Release note: None

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Release justification:

[blathers-crl]

Thanks for opening a backport.

Before merging, please confirm that it falls into one of the following categories (select one):

• Non-production code changes. Includes test-only changes, build system changes, etc.
• Fixes for serious issues. Defined in the policy as correctness, stability, or security issues, data corruption/loss, significant performance regressions, breaking working and widely used functionality, or an inability to detect and debug production issues.
• Other approved changes. These changes must be gated behind a disabled-by-default feature flag unless there is a strong justification not to.

Add a brief release justification to the PR description explaining your selection.

Also, confirm that the change does not break backward compatibility and complies with all aspects of the backport policy.

All backports must be reviewed by the TL and EM for the owning area.

[blathers-crl]

✅ PR #154920 is compliant with backport policy

Confidence: high
Backward compatible: true
Explanation: The changes in this PR are exempt from the standard backport policy requirements because they are limited to non-production files. Specifically, the files modified ('pkg/cmd/roachtest/tests/liquibase.go' and 'pkg/cmd/roachtest/tests/liquibase_blocklist.go') fall within the roachtest directory, which is designated for development tools and test infrastructure as specified in the backport policy under 'Non-Production File Patterns'. Therefore, these changes relate to testing environments and do not affect production code, bypassing the need for critical bug justification or feature flag requirements.

_{🦉 Hoot! I am a Blathers, a bot for CockroachDB. My owner is dev-inf.}

[cockroach-teamcity]

This change is