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FAKE PR: DON'T MERGE #22

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9edc2be
test 1
shivaji-dev1 Aug 18, 2025
248a858
test2
shivaji-dev1 Aug 18, 2025
d6fa4a2
test 3
shivaji-dev1 Aug 18, 2025
4bba3c7
update 4
shivaji-dev1 Aug 19, 2025
16302f0
Add a simple calculator class with basic operations and demo
shivaji-dev1 Aug 19, 2025
c0ad234
Update app/hello.py
shivaji-dev1 Aug 21, 2025
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74 changes: 74 additions & 0 deletions app/hello.py
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Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
# Sample Python file for testing pull requests
import datetime
import math
import os
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Unused Imports Creating Memory Overhead

Importing unused modules (math, os) creates unnecessary memory overhead. Each import loads code that's never used, increasing application startup time and memory footprint without providing any value.

Suggested change
import datetime
import math
import os
import datetime
import random
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Performance-Resource-Utilization


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⚠️ Potential issue

Fix NameError: add random import; drop unused imports (math, os).

  • random is used at Line 68 but never imported (Ruff F821) → runtime NameError.
  • math and os are unused (Ruff F401).

Apply this diff:

-import datetime
-import math
-import os
+import datetime
+import random
📝 Committable suggestion

‼️ IMPORTANT
Carefully review the code before committing. Ensure that it accurately replaces the highlighted code, contains no missing lines, and has no issues with indentation. Thoroughly test & benchmark the code to ensure it meets the requirements.

Suggested change
import datetime
import math
import os
-import datetime
-import math
import datetime
import random
🧰 Tools
🪛 Ruff (0.12.2)

3-3: math imported but unused

Remove unused import: math

(F401)

4-4: os imported but unused

Remove unused import: os

(F401)

🤖 Prompt for AI Agents 
In app/hello.py around lines 2 to 5, the file imports math and os but uses
random at line 68 without importing it; remove the unused imports (math, os) and
add an import for random (e.g., import random) so the random reference at line
68 resolves and unused-import warnings are eliminated.

class Calculator:
"""A simple calculator class for basic mathematical operations."""

def __init__(self):
self.history = []
self.count = 0
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Unused Count Variable

The Calculator class initializes a count variable that is never used or updated throughout the class. This creates a misleading state variable that has no actual function in the code and could indicate incomplete implementation.

Suggested change
self.count = 0
def __init__(self):
self.history = []
Standards
  • Algorithm-Correctness-State-Variables
  • Clean-Code-Simplicity

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Unused Count Variable

The Calculator class initializes a count variable that is never incremented or used anywhere in the code. This creates a misleading state variable that suggests functionality that doesn't exist.

Suggested change
self.history = []
self.count = 0
def __init__(self):
self.history = []
Standards
  • Algorithm-Correctness-State-Variables
  • Clean-Code-Simplicity

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Unused instance variable creates confusion

The Calculator class initializes a count variable that is never used throughout the code. Unused instance variables create confusion for maintainers who might expect this variable to track something important.

Suggested change
self.count = 0
def __init__(self):
self.history = []
Standards
  • Clean-Code-Simplicity
  • Refactoring-RemoveDeadCode

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Unused Count Variable

The Calculator class initializes a count variable that is never used or updated throughout the code. This creates unnecessary memory overhead and a misleading state variable that suggests functionality that doesn't exist.

Suggested change
self.history = []
self.count = 0
self.history = []
Standards
  • Clean-Code-Simplicity
  • Refactoring-RemoveDeadCode

Comment on lines +9 to +11
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Unused instance variable creates confusion

The Calculator class initializes a count variable that is never used throughout the code. Unused instance variables create confusion for maintainers who might expect this variable to track something important.

Suggested change
def __init__(self):
self.history = []
self.count = 0
def __init__(self):
self.history = []
Standards
  • Clean-Code-Simplicity
  • Refactoring-RemoveDeadCode

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Unused instance variable in Calculator class

The Calculator class initializes a count variable that's never used or updated throughout the class. This creates a misleading state variable that suggests functionality that doesn't exist, making the code harder to understand.

Suggested change
self.count = 0
def __init__(self):
self.history = []
Standards
  • Clean-Code-Simplicity
  • Refactoring-RemoveDeadCode

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Unused Instance Variable Creates Confusion

The Calculator class initializes a count variable that is never used throughout the code. Unused instance variables create confusion for maintainers who might expect this variable to track something important.

Suggested change
def __init__(self):
self.history = []
self.count = 0
def __init__(self):
self.history = []
Standards
  • Clean-Code-Simplicity
  • Refactoring-RemoveDeadCode

Comment on lines +9 to +11
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Unused count variable creates dead code

The Calculator class initializes a count variable that is never used or updated throughout the code. This creates a misleading state variable that suggests functionality that doesn't exist, making the code harder to understand and maintain.

Suggested change
def __init__(self):
self.history = []
self.count = 0
def __init__(self):
self.history = []
Standards
  • Clean-Code-Simplicity
  • Refactoring-RemoveDeadCode

Comment on lines +9 to +11
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Unused Count Variable

The Calculator class initializes a count variable that is never used throughout the code. Unused instance variables create confusion for maintainers who might expect this variable to track something important or have a specific purpose.

Suggested change
def __init__(self):
self.history = []
self.count = 0
def __init__(self):
self.history = []
Standards
  • Clean-Code-Simplicity
  • Refactoring-RemoveDeadCode

Comment on lines +9 to +11
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Unused count variable creates confusion

The Calculator class initializes a count variable that is never used throughout the code. Unused instance variables create confusion for maintainers who might expect this variable to track something important.

Suggested change
def __init__(self):
self.history = []
self.count = 0
def __init__(self):
self.history = []
Standards
  • Clean-Code-Simplicity
  • Refactoring-RemoveDeadCode

Comment on lines +10 to +11
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Unused Instance Variable Creates Confusion

The Calculator class initializes a count variable that is never used throughout the code. Unused instance variables create confusion for maintainers who might expect this variable to track something important.

Suggested change
self.history = []
self.count = 0
def __init__(self):
self.history = []
Standards
  • Clean-Code-Simplicity
  • Refactoring-RemoveDeadCode


def add(self, a, b):
"""Add two numbers and return the result."""
result = a + b
self.history.append(f"{a} + {b} = {result}")
return result

def subtract(self, a, b):
"""Subtract b from a and return the result."""
result = a - b
self.history.append(f"{a} - {b} = {result}")
return result

def multiply(self, a, b):
"""Multiply two numbers and return the result."""
result = a * b
self.history.append(f"{a} * {b} = {result}")
return result

def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
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⚠️ Potential issue

Guard against division by zero in divide().

Currently a plain a / b; combined with the demo call, this will raise. Make the error explicit with a clear message.

     def divide(self, a, b):
         """Divide a by b and return the result."""
-        result = a / b
-        self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
-        return result
+        if b == 0:
+            raise ZeroDivisionError("Cannot divide by zero")
+        result = a / b
+        self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
+        return result
📝 Committable suggestion

‼️ IMPORTANT
Carefully review the code before committing. Ensure that it accurately replaces the highlighted code, contains no missing lines, and has no issues with indentation. Thoroughly test & benchmark the code to ensure it meets the requirements.

Suggested change
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
if b == 0:
raise ZeroDivisionError("Cannot divide by zero")
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
🤖 Prompt for AI Agents 
In app/hello.py around lines 31 to 35, the divide() method performs a naive a /
b which will raise a ZeroDivisionError; change it to explicitly guard for b ==
0, raise a clear ValueError (e.g. "Division by zero: divisor b must be
non-zero") before attempting the division, perform the division only after the
check, and append the successful operation to self.history (do not append if
raising).

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Missing Error Handling in Divide Method

The divide method lacks validation for division by zero, which causes runtime errors when b=0. This can crash the application and prevent proper error recovery, leading to service disruption in production.

Suggested change
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
if b == 0:
raise ValueError("Cannot divide by zero")
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • DbC-Precondition

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Missing error handling in divide method

The divide method lacks validation for division by zero, which will cause a ZeroDivisionError when b=0. This crashes the application without proper error handling, preventing recovery.

Suggested change
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
if b == 0:
raise ValueError("Cannot divide by zero")
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • DbC-Precondition

Comment on lines +31 to +35
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Missing Error Handling in Divide Method

The divide method lacks validation for division by zero, which will cause a ZeroDivisionError when b=0. This crashes the application without proper error handling, preventing recovery.

Suggested change
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
if b == 0:
raise ValueError("Cannot divide by zero")
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • DbC-Precondition

Comment on lines +31 to +35
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Division By Zero Vulnerability

The divide method lacks input validation for division by zero, allowing attackers to crash the application by providing zero as the divisor. This creates a denial of service vulnerability that could be exploited to terminate program execution.

Suggested change
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
if b == 0:
raise ValueError("Cannot divide by zero")
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • CWE-369
  • OWASP-A05

Comment on lines +31 to +35
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Missing division by zero validation

The divide method lacks validation for division by zero, which will cause a ZeroDivisionError when b=0. This crashes the application without proper error handling, preventing recovery.

Suggested change
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
if b == 0:
raise ValueError("Cannot divide by zero")
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • DbC-Precondition

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Division by zero error in divide method

The divide method performs division without checking if the divisor is zero, which will cause an uncaught ZeroDivisionError exception. This will crash the application when the method is called with b=0, as seen in the main function.

Suggested change
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
if b == 0:
raise ValueError("Cannot divide by zero")
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • SRE-Error-Handling
  • DbC-Precondition

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Division by zero error in divide method

The divide method performs division without checking if the divisor is zero. This will cause an uncaught ZeroDivisionError exception when b=0, crashing the application as demonstrated in the main function at line 61.

Suggested change
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
if b == 0:
raise ValueError("Cannot divide by zero")
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • SRE-Error-Handling
  • DbC-Precondition

Comment on lines +31 to +35
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Division by Zero Error in divide method

The divide method performs division without checking if the divisor is zero, which will cause an uncaught ZeroDivisionError. This will crash the application when b=0, as demonstrated in the main function at line 61.

Suggested change
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
if b == 0:
raise ValueError("Cannot divide by zero")
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • CWE-369
  • OWASP-A05

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Division by zero error in divide method

The divide method performs division without checking if the divisor is zero, which will cause an uncaught ZeroDivisionError when b=0. This is demonstrated in the main function where calc.divide(15, 0) is called, which will crash the application.

Suggested change
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
if b == 0:
raise ValueError("Cannot divide by zero")
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • CWE-369
  • SRE-Error-Handling

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Division By Zero Vulnerability

The divide method lacks validation for division by zero, which will cause an uncaught ZeroDivisionError when b=0. This can be exploited to crash the application, creating a denial of service vulnerability.

Suggested change
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
if b == 0:
raise ValueError("Cannot divide by zero")
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • CWE-369
  • OWASP-A05

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Division by zero vulnerability

The divide method lacks validation for division by zero, which causes an uncaught ZeroDivisionError exception when b=0. This crashes the application and prevents subsequent operations from executing.

Suggested change
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
if b == 0:
raise ValueError("Cannot divide by zero")
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • CWE-369
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance

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Division by zero in divide method

The divide method lacks validation for division by zero, which will cause an uncaught ZeroDivisionError when b=0. This crashes the application without proper error handling, preventing recovery.

Suggested change
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
if b == 0:
raise ValueError("Cannot divide by zero")
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • SRE-Error-Handling
  • DbC-Precondition


def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** c
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Undefined variable in power method

The power method uses an undefined variable 'c' instead of 'b', which will cause a NameError when called. This is a critical reliability issue as it will crash the application.

Suggested change
result = a ** c
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ^ {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Correctness
  • CWE-456
  • OWASP-A06

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Undefined variable in power method causes runtime error

The power method uses an undefined variable 'c' instead of the parameter 'b', causing a runtime NameError. This performance issue terminates execution and wastes all computation resources when the method is called.

Suggested change
result = a ** c
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Performance-Time-Behaviour

return result
Comment on lines +37 to +40
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Missing History Update

The power method doesn't update the history list unlike other calculation methods. This inconsistency will cause the operation to be missing from the calculation history.

Suggested change
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** c
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ^ {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • Algorithm-Correctness-Consistency
  • Business-Rule-State-Management

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⚠️ Potential issue

Undefined variable in power(): use b (not c) and record history.

This is a runtime NameError (Ruff F821) and also inconsistent with other methods that record history.

     def power(self, a, b):
         """Calculate a to the power of b."""
-        result = a ** c
-        return result
+        result = a ** b
+        self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
+        return result
📝 Committable suggestion

‼️ IMPORTANT
Carefully review the code before committing. Ensure that it accurately replaces the highlighted code, contains no missing lines, and has no issues with indentation. Thoroughly test & benchmark the code to ensure it meets the requirements.

Suggested change
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** c
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
return result
🧰 Tools
🪛 Ruff (0.12.2)

39-39: Undefined name c

(F821)

🤖 Prompt for AI Agents 
In app/hello.py around lines 37 to 40, the power() function uses an undefined
variable c causing a NameError and also omits recording the operation in
history; change the exponent variable from c to b (result = a ** b) and,
consistent with other methods, append a history entry after computing the result
(for example using the same pattern as other methods such as
self.history.append(...) or self.record_history(...), matching the existing
history format and fields).

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Missing History Update in Power Method

The power method fails to update calculation history unlike other methods, causing inconsistent state tracking. This creates performance overhead when history is accessed as the data structure is incomplete, requiring additional processing.

Suggested change
result = a ** c
return result
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Performance-Resource-Utilization

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Undefined Variable in Power Method

The power method uses an undefined variable 'c' instead of parameter 'b', causing a NameError exception that will crash the application. This reliability issue prevents the feature from functioning and terminates program execution.

Suggested change
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** c
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • CWE-456

Comment on lines +37 to +40
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Undefined variable in power method

The power method uses an undefined variable 'c' instead of parameter 'b', causing a NameError exception when called. This will crash the application and prevent the method from functioning.

Suggested change
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** c
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • CWE-456

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Undefined Variable in Power Method

The power method uses an undefined variable 'c' instead of parameter 'b', causing a NameError exception when called. This will crash the application and prevent the method from functioning.

Suggested change
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** c
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • CWE-456

Comment on lines +37 to +40
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Unhandled Negative Exponents

Beyond the undefined variable 'c', the power method lacks validation for negative exponents with base 0, which can cause a ZeroDivisionError. This vulnerability allows attackers to crash the application by providing specific inputs.

Suggested change
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** c
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
if a == 0 and b < 0:
raise ValueError("Cannot raise zero to a negative power")
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • CWE-754
  • OWASP-A06

Comment on lines +37 to +40
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Unhandled Large Inputs

The power method lacks validation for large exponents that could cause memory exhaustion. An attacker could provide large inputs to trigger excessive memory consumption, potentially causing a denial of service.

Suggested change
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** c
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
if abs(b) > 1000:
raise ValueError("Exponent too large, maximum allowed is 1000")
if a == 0 and b < 0:
raise ValueError("Cannot raise zero to a negative power")
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • CWE-400
  • OWASP-A05

Comment on lines +39 to +40
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Power Method Uses Undefined Variable

The power method uses an undefined variable 'c' instead of parameter 'b', causing a NameError. This security vulnerability allows attackers to crash the application by triggering this code path, leading to denial of service.

Suggested change
result = a ** c
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
if abs(b) > 1000:
raise ValueError("Exponent too large, maximum allowed is 1000")
if a == 0 and b < 0:
raise ValueError("Cannot raise zero to a negative power")
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • CWE-400
  • OWASP-A05

Comment on lines +37 to +40
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Undefined variable in power method

The power method uses an undefined variable 'c' instead of parameter 'b', causing a NameError exception when called. This will crash the application and prevent the method from functioning.

Suggested change
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** c
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • CWE-456

Comment on lines +37 to +40
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Inconsistent method implementation in Calculator class

The power method breaks the consistent pattern established by other calculator methods which all update history. This inconsistency creates cognitive overhead for developers maintaining the code, as they need to remember special cases rather than following a predictable pattern.

Suggested change
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** c
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • Clean-Code-Consistency
  • SOLID-SRP
  • Refactoring-ExtractMethod

Comment on lines +37 to +40
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Undefined variable in power method

The power method uses an undefined variable 'c' instead of parameter 'b', which will cause a NameError exception when the method is called. This will crash the application and prevent the method from functioning properly.

Suggested change
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** c
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • CWE-456

Comment on lines +37 to +40
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Undefined variable in power method

The power method uses an undefined variable 'c' instead of parameter 'b', which will cause a NameError exception when called. This crashes the application and prevents the method from functioning properly.

Suggested change
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** c
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • CWE-456

Comment on lines +37 to +40
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Undefined variable in power method

The power method uses an undefined variable 'c' instead of parameter 'b', which will cause a NameError exception when called. This crashes the application and prevents the method from functioning properly.

Suggested change
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** c
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • CWE-456

Comment on lines +37 to +40
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Undefined variable in power method

The power method uses an undefined variable 'c' instead of parameter 'b', which will cause a NameError exception when called. This will crash the application and prevent the method from functioning properly.

Suggested change
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** c
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • CWE-456

Comment on lines +37 to +40
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Undefined Variable in Power Method

The power method uses an undefined variable 'c' instead of parameter 'b', which will cause a NameError exception when called. This crashes the application and prevents the method from functioning properly.

Suggested change
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** c
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • CWE-456

Comment on lines +39 to +40
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Unvalidated Power Inputs

Beyond the undefined variable 'c' issue already identified, the power method lacks validation for potentially dangerous inputs. Large exponents or negative powers with zero base can cause memory exhaustion or exceptions, enabling denial of service attacks.

Suggested change
result = a ** c
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
if abs(b) > 1000:
raise ValueError("Exponent too large, maximum allowed is 1000")
if a == 0 and b < 0:
raise ValueError("Cannot raise zero to a negative power")
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • CWE-400
  • OWASP-A05

Comment on lines +37 to +40
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Undefined variable in power method

The power method uses undefined variable 'c' instead of parameter 'b', causing a NameError exception when called. This crashes the application and prevents the method from functioning.

Suggested change
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** c
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • CWE-456
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance

Comment on lines +37 to +40
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Undefined variable in power method

The power method uses an undefined variable 'c' instead of parameter 'b', causing a NameError exception when called. This will crash the application and prevent the method from functioning.

Suggested change
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** c
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • CWE-456


Comment on lines +40 to +41
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Inconsistent method implementation pattern in Calculator class

The power method breaks the consistent pattern established by other calculator methods. This inconsistency creates cognitive overhead for developers maintaining the code, as they need to remember special cases rather than following a predictable pattern.

Suggested change
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** b
self.history.append(f"{a} ** {b} = {result}")
return result
Standards
  • Clean-Code-Consistency
  • SOLID-SRP
  • Refactoring-ExtractMethod

def get_history(self):
"""Return the calculation history."""
return self.history

def clear_history(self):
"""Clear the calculation history."""
self.history = []

def main():
"""Main function to demonstrate calculator usage."""
calc = Calculator()

print("Calculator Demo")
print("=" * 20)

# Perform some calculations
print(f"Addition: {calc.add(10, 5)}")
print(f"Subtraction: {calc.subtract(10, 3)}")
print(f"Multiplication: {calc.multiply(4, 7)}")
print(f"Division: {calc.divide(15, 3)}")
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Division by zero in main function

The main function attempts division with a divisor of 3, but the divide method doesn't handle zero divisors. If this value were changed to 0, it would cause an uncaught ZeroDivisionError, crashing the application.

Suggested change
print(f"Division: {calc.divide(15, 3)}")
try:
print(f"Division: {calc.divide(15, 3)}")
except ValueError as e:
print(f"Division error: {e}")
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • SRE-Error-Handling


# Show calculation history
print("\nCalculation History:")
for entry in calc.get_history():
print(f" {entry}")

random_number = random.randint(1, 10)
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Missing random module import

The code uses the random module without importing it, which will cause a NameError when executed. This will crash the application at runtime.

Suggested change
random_number = random.randint(1, 10)
import datetime
import math
import os
import random
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Maturity
  • CWE-456
  • OWASP-A06

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Missing random module import causes runtime error

The code uses the random module without importing it, causing a NameError at runtime. This performance issue terminates program execution and wastes all prior computation resources when this line is reached.

Suggested change
random_number = random.randint(1, 10)
import datetime
import random
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Performance-Resource-Utilization

Comment on lines +2 to +68
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Missing random module import

The code uses the random module at line 68 without importing it. This will cause a NameError exception when the main function is executed, crashing the application before it can complete.

Suggested change
import datetime
import math
import os
class Calculator:
"""A simple calculator class for basic mathematical operations."""
def __init__(self):
self.history = []
self.count = 0
def add(self, a, b):
"""Add two numbers and return the result."""
result = a + b
self.history.append(f"{a} + {b} = {result}")
return result
def subtract(self, a, b):
"""Subtract b from a and return the result."""
result = a - b
self.history.append(f"{a} - {b} = {result}")
return result
def multiply(self, a, b):
"""Multiply two numbers and return the result."""
result = a * b
self.history.append(f"{a} * {b} = {result}")
return result
def divide(self, a, b):
"""Divide a by b and return the result."""
result = a / b
self.history.append(f"{a} / {b} = {result}")
return result
def power(self, a, b):
"""Calculate a to the power of b."""
result = a ** c
return result
def get_history(self):
"""Return the calculation history."""
return self.history
def clear_history(self):
"""Clear the calculation history."""
self.history = []
def main():
"""Main function to demonstrate calculator usage."""
calc = Calculator()
print("Calculator Demo")
print("=" * 20)
# Perform some calculations
print(f"Addition: {calc.add(10, 5)}")
print(f"Subtraction: {calc.subtract(10, 3)}")
print(f"Multiplication: {calc.multiply(4, 7)}")
print(f"Division: {calc.divide(15, 3)}")
# Show calculation history
print("\nCalculation History:")
for entry in calc.get_history():
print(f" {entry}")
random_number = random.randint(1, 10)
import datetime
import math
import os
import random
Standards
  • ISO-IEC-25010-Reliability-Fault-Tolerance
  • CWE-456

print(f"Random number: {random_number}")

print(f"\nCurrent time: {datetime.datetime.now()}")
Comment on lines +68 to +71
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Command Injection Risk

The application displays the current time using datetime.now() without sanitization. In certain environments, this could potentially leak system information including timezone that might aid attackers in fingerprinting the system.

Suggested change
random_number = random.randint(1, 10)
print(f"Random number: {random_number}")
print(f"\nCurrent time: {datetime.datetime.now()}")
random_number = random.randint(1, 10)
print(f"Random number: {random_number}")
current_time = datetime.datetime.now()
formatted_time = current_time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
print(f"\nCurrent time: {formatted_time}")
Standards
  • CWE-497
  • OWASP-A01


if __name__ == "__main__":
main()