Add documentation for checked arithmetic operators with examples in F#

[shethaadit]

Summary

Problem

The existing documentation only describes unchecked arithmetic operators, which do not throw exceptions on overflow, potentially leading to unintended behavior. Checked arithmetic operators were missing, and there was no guidance on handling overflow scenarios effectively.

Solution

This update introduces a new section on checked arithmetic operators in F#. It includes:

• A comparison of checked and unchecked operators.
• Practical examples demonstrating how to use checked operators from the Microsoft.FSharp.Core.Operators.Checked module.
• A try...with example for handling System.OverflowException.
• Guidance for choosing between checked and unchecked arithmetic based on use case.

Impact

This change improves the usability of the documentation by providing comprehensive guidance for developers who need overflow-safe arithmetic operations.

Fixes #41859

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Internal previews

📄 File	🔗 Preview link
docs/fsharp/language-reference/symbol-and-operator-reference/arithmetic-operators.md	Arithmetic Operators

[shethaadit]

Hi @T-Gro, since I am learning F#, Really appreciate if you can apply suggestions on the commit? :)

[T-Gro]

Hi @T-Gro, since I am learning F#, Really appreciate if you can apply suggestions on the commit? :)

The suggestions done now are good, thank you for incorporating that.

I think it now makes it very clear what the default is and also when overflow+underflow can happen.

Good job.

[shethaadit]

Hi @BillWagner / @KathleenDollard, could you please have a look at the PR and merge?

[BillWagner]

This LGTM @shethaadit

I'll now.