Add bfloat16 to bbq_disk and bbq_hnsw

server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/index/codec/vectors/BFloat16.java

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright Elasticsearch B.V. and/or licensed to Elasticsearch B.V. under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements. Licensed under the "Elastic License
+ * 2.0", the "GNU Affero General Public License v3.0 only", and the "Server Side
+ * Public License v 1"; you may not use this file except in compliance with, at
+ * your election, the "Elastic License 2.0", the "GNU Affero General Public
+ * License v3.0 only", or the "Server Side Public License, v 1".
+ */
+
+package org.elasticsearch.index.codec.vectors;
+
+import org.apache.lucene.util.BitUtil;
+
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.nio.ShortBuffer;
+
+public final class BFloat16 {
+
+    public static final int BYTES = Short.BYTES;
+
+    public static short floatToBFloat16(float f) {
+        // this rounds towards 0
+        // zero - zero exp, zero fraction
+        // denormal - zero exp, non-zero fraction
+        // infinity - all-1 exp, zero fraction
+        // NaN - all-1 exp, non-zero fraction
+        // the Float.NaN constant is 0x7fc0_0000, so this won't turn the most common NaN values into
+        // infinities
+        return (short) (Float.floatToIntBits(f) >>> 16);
+    }
+
+    public static float bFloat16ToFloat(short bf) {
+        return Float.intBitsToFloat(bf << 16);
+    }
+
+    public static void floatToBFloat16(float[] floats, ShortBuffer bFloats) {
+        assert bFloats.remaining() == floats.length;
+        assert bFloats.order() == ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN;
+        for (float v : floats) {
+            bFloats.put(floatToBFloat16(v));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void bFloat16ToFloat(byte[] bfBytes, float[] floats) {
+        assert floats.length * 2 == bfBytes.length;
+        for (int i = 0; i < floats.length; i++) {
+            floats[i] = bFloat16ToFloat((short) BitUtil.VH_LE_SHORT.get(bfBytes, i * 2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void bFloat16ToFloat(ShortBuffer bFloats, float[] floats) {
+        assert floats.length == bFloats.remaining();
+        assert bFloats.order() == ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN;
+        for (int i = 0; i < floats.length; i++) {
+            floats[i] = bFloat16ToFloat(bFloats.get());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private BFloat16() {}
+}

server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/index/codec/vectors/BQVectorUtils.java

@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@
 
 /** Utility class for vector quantization calculations */
 public class BQVectorUtils {
-    private static final float EPSILON = 1e-4f;
+    // NOTE: this is currently > 1e-4f due to bfloat16
+    private static final float EPSILON = 1e-2f;
 
     public static double sqrtNewtonRaphson(double x, double curr, double prev) {
         return (curr == prev) ? curr : sqrtNewtonRaphson(x, 0.5 * (curr + x / curr), curr);

server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/index/codec/vectors/DirectIOCapableFlatVectorsFormat.java

@@ -11,18 +11,81 @@
 
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.hnsw.FlatVectorsReader;
 import org.apache.lucene.index.SegmentReadState;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.FlushInfo;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.IOContext;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.MergeInfo;
+import org.elasticsearch.common.util.set.Sets;
+import org.elasticsearch.index.codec.vectors.es818.DirectIOHint;
+import org.elasticsearch.index.store.FsDirectoryFactory;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Set;
 
 public abstract class DirectIOCapableFlatVectorsFormat extends AbstractFlatVectorsFormat {
     protected DirectIOCapableFlatVectorsFormat(String name) {
         super(name);
     }
 
+    protected abstract FlatVectorsReader createReader(SegmentReadState state) throws IOException;
+
+    static boolean canUseDirectIO(SegmentReadState state) {
+        return FsDirectoryFactory.isHybridFs(state.directory);
+    }
+
     @Override
     public FlatVectorsReader fieldsReader(SegmentReadState state) throws IOException {
         return fieldsReader(state, false);
     }
 
-    public abstract FlatVectorsReader fieldsReader(SegmentReadState state, boolean useDirectIO) throws IOException;
+    public FlatVectorsReader fieldsReader(SegmentReadState state, boolean useDirectIO) throws IOException {
+        if (state.context.context() == IOContext.Context.DEFAULT && useDirectIO && canUseDirectIO(state)) {
+            // only override the context for the random-access use case
+            SegmentReadState directIOState = new SegmentReadState(
+                state.directory,
+                state.segmentInfo,
+                state.fieldInfos,
+                new DirectIOContext(state.context.hints()),
+                state.segmentSuffix
+            );
+            // Use mmap for merges and direct I/O for searches.
+            return new MergeReaderWrapper(createReader(directIOState), createReader(state));
+        } else {
+            return createReader(state);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class DirectIOContext implements IOContext {
+
+        final Set<FileOpenHint> hints;
+
+        DirectIOContext(Set<FileOpenHint> hints) {
+            // always add DirectIOHint to the hints given
+            this.hints = Sets.union(hints, Set.of(DirectIOHint.INSTANCE));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Context context() {
+            return Context.DEFAULT;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public MergeInfo mergeInfo() {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public FlushInfo flushInfo() {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Set<FileOpenHint> hints() {
+            return hints;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public IOContext withHints(FileOpenHint... hints) {
+            return new DirectIOContext(Set.of(hints));
+        }
+    }
 }

server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/index/codec/vectors/OptimizedScalarQuantizer.java

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ public QuantizationResult[] multiScalarQuantize(
     }
 
     public QuantizationResult scalarQuantize(float[] vector, float[] residualDestination, int[] destination, byte bits, float[] centroid) {
-        assert similarityFunction != COSINE || VectorUtil.isUnitVector(vector);
+        assert similarityFunction != COSINE || BQVectorUtils.isUnitVector(vector);
         assert similarityFunction != COSINE || VectorUtil.isUnitVector(centroid);
         assert vector.length <= destination.length;
         assert bits > 0 && bits <= 8;

server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/index/codec/vectors/diskbbq/ES920DiskBBQVectorsFormat.java

@@ -58,12 +58,12 @@ public class ES920DiskBBQVectorsFormat extends KnnVectorsFormat {
     public static final int VERSION_DIRECT_IO = 1;
     public static final int VERSION_CURRENT = VERSION_DIRECT_IO;
 
-    private static final DirectIOCapableFlatVectorsFormat rawVectorFormat = new DirectIOCapableLucene99FlatVectorsFormat(
+    private static final DirectIOCapableFlatVectorsFormat float32VectorFormat = new DirectIOCapableLucene99FlatVectorsFormat(
         FlatVectorScorerUtil.getLucene99FlatVectorsScorer()
     );
     private static final Map<String, DirectIOCapableFlatVectorsFormat> supportedFormats = Map.of(
-        rawVectorFormat.getName(),
-        rawVectorFormat
+        float32VectorFormat.getName(),
+        float32VectorFormat
     );
 
     // This dynamically sets the cluster probe based on the `k` requested and the number of clusters.
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ public class ES920DiskBBQVectorsFormat extends KnnVectorsFormat {
     private final int vectorPerCluster;
     private final int centroidsPerParentCluster;
     private final boolean useDirectIO;
+    private final DirectIOCapableFlatVectorsFormat rawVectorFormat;
 
     public ES920DiskBBQVectorsFormat(int vectorPerCluster, int centroidsPerParentCluster) {
         this(vectorPerCluster, centroidsPerParentCluster, false);
@@ -109,6 +110,7 @@ public ES920DiskBBQVectorsFormat(int vectorPerCluster, int centroidsPerParentClu
         this.vectorPerCluster = vectorPerCluster;
         this.centroidsPerParentCluster = centroidsPerParentCluster;
         this.useDirectIO = useDirectIO;
+        this.rawVectorFormat = float32VectorFormat;
     }
 
     /** Constructs a format using the given graph construction parameters and scalar quantization. */

server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/index/codec/vectors/es818/ES818BinaryFlatVectorsScorer.java

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 import org.apache.lucene.util.hnsw.RandomVectorScorerSupplier;
 import org.apache.lucene.util.hnsw.UpdateableRandomVectorScorer;
 import org.elasticsearch.index.codec.vectors.BQSpaceUtils;
+import org.elasticsearch.index.codec.vectors.BQVectorUtils;
 import org.elasticsearch.index.codec.vectors.OptimizedScalarQuantizer;
 import org.elasticsearch.simdvec.ESVectorUtil;
 
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ public RandomVectorScorer getRandomVectorScorer(
             assert binarizedVectors.size() > 0 : "BinarizedByteVectorValues must have at least one vector for ES816BinaryFlatVectorsScorer";
             OptimizedScalarQuantizer quantizer = binarizedVectors.getQuantizer();
             float[] centroid = binarizedVectors.getCentroid();
-            assert similarityFunction != COSINE || VectorUtil.isUnitVector(target);
+            assert similarityFunction != COSINE || BQVectorUtils.isUnitVector(target);
             float[] scratch = new float[vectorValues.dimension()];
             int[] initial = new int[target.length];
             byte[] quantized = new byte[BQSpaceUtils.B_QUERY * binarizedVectors.discretizedDimensions() / 8];

server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/index/codec/vectors/es93/DirectIOCapableLucene99FlatVectorsFormat.java

@@ -15,17 +15,9 @@
 import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene99.Lucene99FlatVectorsWriter;
 import org.apache.lucene.index.SegmentReadState;
 import org.apache.lucene.index.SegmentWriteState;
-import org.apache.lucene.store.FlushInfo;
-import org.apache.lucene.store.IOContext;
-import org.apache.lucene.store.MergeInfo;
-import org.elasticsearch.common.util.set.Sets;
 import org.elasticsearch.index.codec.vectors.DirectIOCapableFlatVectorsFormat;
-import org.elasticsearch.index.codec.vectors.MergeReaderWrapper;
-import org.elasticsearch.index.codec.vectors.es818.DirectIOHint;
-import org.elasticsearch.index.store.FsDirectoryFactory;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
-import java.util.Set;
 
 public class DirectIOCapableLucene99FlatVectorsFormat extends DirectIOCapableFlatVectorsFormat {
 
@@ -45,72 +37,12 @@ protected FlatVectorsScorer flatVectorsScorer() {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public FlatVectorsWriter fieldsWriter(SegmentWriteState state) throws IOException {
-        return new Lucene99FlatVectorsWriter(state, vectorsScorer);
-    }
-
-    static boolean canUseDirectIO(SegmentReadState state) {
-        return FsDirectoryFactory.isHybridFs(state.directory);
+    protected FlatVectorsReader createReader(SegmentReadState state) throws IOException {
+        return new Lucene99FlatVectorsReader(state, vectorsScorer);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public FlatVectorsReader fieldsReader(SegmentReadState state) throws IOException {
-        return fieldsReader(state, false);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public FlatVectorsReader fieldsReader(SegmentReadState state, boolean useDirectIO) throws IOException {
-        if (state.context.context() == IOContext.Context.DEFAULT && useDirectIO && canUseDirectIO(state)) {
-            // only override the context for the random-access use case
-            SegmentReadState directIOState = new SegmentReadState(
-                state.directory,
-                state.segmentInfo,
-                state.fieldInfos,
-                new DirectIOContext(state.context.hints()),
-                state.segmentSuffix
-            );
-            // Use mmap for merges and direct I/O for searches.
-            return new MergeReaderWrapper(
-                new Lucene99FlatVectorsReader(directIOState, vectorsScorer),
-                new Lucene99FlatVectorsReader(state, vectorsScorer)
-            );
-        } else {
-            return new Lucene99FlatVectorsReader(state, vectorsScorer);
-        }
-    }
-
-    static class DirectIOContext implements IOContext {
-
-        final Set<FileOpenHint> hints;
-
-        DirectIOContext(Set<FileOpenHint> hints) {
-            // always add DirectIOHint to the hints given
-            this.hints = Sets.union(hints, Set.of(DirectIOHint.INSTANCE));
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public Context context() {
-            return Context.DEFAULT;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public MergeInfo mergeInfo() {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public FlushInfo flushInfo() {
-            return null;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public Set<FileOpenHint> hints() {
-            return hints;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public IOContext withHints(FileOpenHint... hints) {
-            return new DirectIOContext(Set.of(hints));
-        }
+    public FlatVectorsWriter fieldsWriter(SegmentWriteState state) throws IOException {
+        return new Lucene99FlatVectorsWriter(state, vectorsScorer);
     }
 }

server/src/main/java/org/elasticsearch/index/codec/vectors/es93/ES93BFloat16FlatVectorsFormat.java

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * @notice
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * Modifications copyright (C) 2025 Elasticsearch B.V.
+ */
+package org.elasticsearch.index.codec.vectors.es93;
+
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.hnsw.FlatVectorsReader;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.hnsw.FlatVectorsScorer;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.hnsw.FlatVectorsWriter;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.SegmentReadState;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.SegmentWriteState;
+import org.elasticsearch.index.codec.vectors.DirectIOCapableFlatVectorsFormat;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+public final class ES93BFloat16FlatVectorsFormat extends DirectIOCapableFlatVectorsFormat {
+
+    static final String NAME = "ES93BFloat16FlatVectorsFormat";
+    static final String META_CODEC_NAME = "ES93BFloat16FlatVectorsFormatMeta";
+    static final String VECTOR_DATA_CODEC_NAME = "ES93BFloat16FlatVectorsFormatData";
+    static final String META_EXTENSION = "vemf";
+    static final String VECTOR_DATA_EXTENSION = "vec";
+
+    public static final int VERSION_START = 0;
+    public static final int VERSION_CURRENT = VERSION_START;
+
+    static final int DIRECT_MONOTONIC_BLOCK_SHIFT = 16;
+    private final FlatVectorsScorer vectorsScorer;
+
+    public ES93BFloat16FlatVectorsFormat(FlatVectorsScorer vectorsScorer) {
+        super(NAME);
+        this.vectorsScorer = vectorsScorer;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected FlatVectorsScorer flatVectorsScorer() {
+        return vectorsScorer;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public FlatVectorsWriter fieldsWriter(SegmentWriteState state) throws IOException {
+        return new ES93BFloat16FlatVectorsWriter(state, vectorsScorer);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected FlatVectorsReader createReader(SegmentReadState state) throws IOException {
+        return new ES93BFloat16FlatVectorsReader(state, vectorsScorer);
+    }
+}