[Automation] Bump Golang version to 1.23.12-1

[github-actions]

See changelog for 1.23.12

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Bump golang-version to latest version

Update go version 1.23.12-1

ran shell command ".github/updatecli.d/bump-go-version.sh 1.23.12-1"

1.23.12-1

Release published on the 2025-08-06 22:58:08 +0000 UTC at the url https://github.com/microsoft/go/releases/tag/v1.23.12-1

Microsoft build of Go v1.23.12-1

## What's Changed
* Set supported TLS version based on Schannel cipher suites by @qmuntal in https://github.com/microsoft/go/pull/1755
* [release-branch.go1.23] Remove curve prefix from Schannel cipher suite names by @qmuntal in https://github.com/microsoft/go/pull/1757
* [release-branch.go1.23] Use correct TSA area path by @qmuntal in https://github.com/microsoft/go/pull/1760
* Make ms_tls_config_schannel no-op on Windows Server 2012 by @qmuntal in https://github.com/microsoft/go/pull/1768
* [release-branch.go1.23] Update MS_TLS_Config_Schannel comments by @dagood in https://github.com/microsoft/go/pull/1770
* Update submodule to latest `release-branch.go1.23` in `microsoft/release-branch.go1.23` by @bot-for-go[bot] in https://github.com/microsoft/go/pull/1809


**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/microsoft/go/compare/v1.23.11-1...v1.23.12-1

Update .go-version

1 file(s) updated with "1.23.12": * .go-version

Update go/Makefile.common

1 file(s) updated with "1.23.12": * go/Makefile.common

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