PlDI25 examples

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -90,3 +90,4 @@ set_property(TEST frozen_bridge_segfault.frank PROPERTY WILL_FAIL true)
 set_property(TEST unresolved_field.frank PROPERTY WILL_FAIL true)
 set_property(TEST unresolved_global.frank PROPERTY WILL_FAIL true)
 set_property(TEST unresolved_name.frank PROPERTY WILL_FAIL true)
+set_property(TEST func_no_return.frank PROPERTY WILL_FAIL true)

README.md

@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ model inspired by [behaviour-oriented concurrency](https://doi.org/10.1145/36228
 To this end, FrankenScript programs generate a file called `mermaid.md` with a Mermaid diagram per line in the source program showing the object and region
 graph of the program at that program point. 
 
+This is a legend for the diagrams that FrankenScript generates:
+
+![](./docs/frankenscript-legend.png)
+
 ## Pre-requisites
 
 This project is C++20 based and uses CMake as the build system.  We also recommend installing Ninja to speed up the build process.
@@ -49,3 +53,4 @@ You can run in interactive mode by running:
 ```
 
 Which will keep overwritting the `mermaid.md` file with the new heap state after each step.
+

examples/01-objects.frank

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# This file shows how different objects can be created and used in FrankenScript
+#
+# The following line creates a dictionary and assigns it to the variable `a`.
+# The variable name is on the arrow from the frame to the object. The object
+# displays the memory address and the reference count of the object.
+a = {}
+
+# Fields of dictionaries can be assigned in two ways:
+a["field1"] = {} # 1
+a.field2 = {}    # 2
+
+# Fields can be accessed the same way
+b = a.field1
+c = a["field1"]
+
+# FrankenScipt uses reference counting. Values are deallocated when the reference
+# count hits 0. This can be used to remove unused elements from the diagram.
+a = None
+b = None
+c = None
+
+# FrankenScript also provides stings, created by double quotes:
+d = "This is a string"
+
+# All objects in FrankenScript are dictionaries. The language uses prototypes
+# to share functionality across objects and to identify the type of object.
+# The diagram currently shows the prototype for frame objects (called `[Frame]),
+# and the prototype for strings (called `[String]`).
+#
+# Prototypes can be accessed via the `__proto__` field.
+e = d.__proto__
+
+# The prototype can also be written to. This creates an object `g` with the
+# prototype `f`
+f = {}
+f.field = {}
+g = {}
+g.__proto__ = f
+
+# If a field is not found on an object the prototype will be checked for the
+# field. In this example, a reference to `f.field` is returned since `g` doesn't
+# have a field called `field` but the prototype has one.
+h = g.field

examples/02-freezing.frank

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# Freezing describes the action of making an object immutable.
+#
+# Objects in FrankenScript are mutable by default.
+x = {}
+
+# Immutable objects are ice blue and not contained by a specific region
+freeze(x)
+
+# Assigning to a field of `x` afterward will throw an error
+# x.field = {} # ERROR
+
+# Calling `freeze(x)` freezes the object `x` points to but not the variable
+# itself, so x can be reassigned
+x = {}
+x.f = {} # Mutation of x
+
+# Freezing is deep, meaning that all objects reachable from a
+# frozen object will also be frozen. This is needed for safe sharing
+# across concurrent readers. See §2.1 for more details
+freeze(x)
+
+# The immutable status in Lungfish refers to the observable state.
+# This means that the reference count can remain mutable as long as
+# it is not observable in the program. Notice how this new reference
+# increases the reference count. See §5.3.5 for more details.
+xx = x
+
+# Setting all references to an immutable object to `None`
+# will deallocate it.
+xx = None
+x = None

examples/03-regions1.frank

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# Lungfish uses regions to track and enforce ownership dynamically.
+# The previous examples only worked in the local region drawn in light
+# green. This example shows how new regions can be created and used.
+#
+# The `Region()` constructor creates a new region and returns its bridge
+# object. The new region is drawn in yellow. Any object in the yellow
+# rectangle belongs to the region. The trapezoid shape denotes the
+# bridge object. It displays the following information about the region:
+# - LRC:  The number of incoming references from the local region. This
+#         counter tracks references to all objects in the region not
+#         just the bridge object. See §3.1 for more details.
+# - SBRC: The number of open subregions.
+# - RC:   The reference count of the bridge object.
+r = Region()
+
+# Any objects reachable from the bridge or an object in the region
+# will automatically be part of the region. Notice how the new dictionaries
+# are members of the region, indicated by them being in the same yellow box.
+r.field = {}
+r.field.data = {}
+
+# Objects inside a region have no topological restrictions. As such we can create
+# cycles, like this:
+r.field.bridge = r
+r.field.data.parent = r.field
+
+# All objects are by created in the local region.
+x = {}
+x.data = {}
+
+# An object in the local region is moved into a region, when an object in the
+# region references it. All reachable objects from the moved object are also
+# moved into the region. Figure 7 in the paper shows the individual steps of
+# this process.
+r.x = x
+
+# Moving the value of `x` into the region increased the LRC since the variable `x`
+# is a reference from the local frame into the region. Reassigning `x` to another
+# value will decrement the LRC again. This is done by a write barrier, discussed in
+# §3.2 of the paper.
+x = None
+
+# References to frozen objects are unrestricted. Table 1 in the paper provides a
+# good overview of what references are allowed.
+r.x.data = None
+
+# When a region has no incoming references it and all contained objects can
+# be deallocated as a unit. This even allows the collection of topologies
+# with cycles.
+r = None

examples/04-regions2.frank

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# 03-regions1.frank covered how new regions can be created. This
+# example covers how ownership is enforced with regions.
+r1 = Region()
+r1.data = {}
+r2 = Region()
+
+# Region 1 owns an object with the name `data`. All objects can at most have
+# one owner. Creating a reference from one region to an object in another region
+# will result in an error
+# r2.data = r1.data # Error
+
+# However, creating a single reference to a bridge object of another region
+# is allowed. This reference is called the owning reference, indicated by
+# the solid orange arrow. The region of the referenced bridge object is now
+# a subregion of the first region.
+r1.data.r2 = r2
+
+# Attempts to add additional owning references will result in an error:
+# r1.new = r2 # Error
+
+# Regions are arranged in a forest. It is not allowed to create a cycle
+# between regions. Attempting to make `r1` a subregion of `r2` which is
+# currently a subregion of `r1` will result in an error:
+# r2.r1 = r1 # Error
+
+# Region 2 is currently considered open as it has an incoming reference from
+# the local region. This is indicated by the LRC not being zero. The parent
+# region `r1` has a SBRC of 1 indicating that a subregion of it is open.
+#
+# Removing the local reference into `r2` will close the region and also decrement
+# the SBRC of the parent region.
+r2 = None
+
+# Creating a reference into the subregion will open it again.
+r2 = r1.data.r2
+
+# Subregions can be unparented again by overwriting the owning reference.
+# This is possible since there can only be one owing reference at a time.
+r1.data.r2 = None
+
+# Region 2 can now take ownership of `r1`.
+r2.r1 = r1
+
+# Regions can also be frozen to allow multiple regions to reference them.
+# The bridge object of the frozen region will remain, but it will lose the
+# `[RegionObject]` prototype.
+freeze(r1)
+
+# The previous bridge object referenced by `r1` can now be referenced by other
+# regions.
+r3 = Region()
+r3.r1 = r1

examples/05-regions3.frank

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# 04-regions2.frank covered how ownership is enfored with regions.
+# This example covers some built-in functions for regions.
+
+r1 = Region()
+r1.data1 = {}
+r1.data2 = {}
+
+# The `is_closed()` function can be used to check if a region
+# is open. Region 1 is currently considered open since it has
+# an incoming reference from the local region.
+res = is_closed(r1)
+
+# Region 2 is created to be the new owner of Region 1.
+r2 = Region()
+r2.child = r1
+
+# The `close()` function can be used to set all incoming local
+# references to None.
+close(r1)
+
+# We can also check the status with `is_closed`.
+res = is_closed(r2.child)
+
+# A subregion can be merged into its parent region, with the
+# `merge()` function. The bridge object of the subregion loses
+# the `[RegionObject]` prototype, since it is no longer the bridge
+# object of a region.
+merge(r2.child, r2)
+
+# Regions can also be dissolved, thereby moving all contained
+# objects back into the local region.
+#
+# This function differs syntactically from the paper which
+# uses `merge(r2)`.
+dissolve(r2)
+
+# This can be used to reconstruct regions. This example uses
+# a for loop:
+r1 = Region()
+for key, value in r2.child:
+    r1[key] = value
+r2.child = r1

examples/06-cowns.frank

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# This is the sixth example and assumes the knowledge of the
+# previous examples.
+#
+# Lungfish uses concurrent owners, called Cowns, to coordinate
+# concurrent access at runtime. Cowns and their states are
+# introduced in §2.3.1 of the paper.
+#
+# Cowns can store immutable objects, regions and other cowns.
+# The following will create a cown pointing to the built-in
+# frozen value `None`.
+c1 = Cown(None)
+
+# The cown has the status "Released" which means that a concurrent
+# unit can aquire it and access its data. Attempting to access
+# the data in this state will result in an error.
+# ref = c1.value # Error
+
+# Regions are used to track ownership of mutable data. This can be
+# combined with cowns to safely share data. This created an open region:
+r1 = Region()
+r1.data = {}
+data = r1.data
+
+# A cown created from an open region has the status "Pending Release".
+# This status allows access to the contained value. However, it will
+# switch to the "Released" status when the region is closed
+c2 = Cown(r1)
+close(c2.value)
+
+# Cowns can be safely shared across threads since they dynamically enforce
+# ownership and concurrent coordination at runtime. They are therefore allowed
+# to be referenced by frozen objects. The freeze will not effect the cown
+# or the contained values.
+x = {}
+x.cown = c2
+freeze(x)
+
+# Cowns can also be referenced from one or multiple regions like this:
+r2 = Region()
+r2.cown = c2
+r3 = Region()
+r3.cown = c2
+
+# Regions referencing a cown can still be closed and sent. This example
+# uses the `move` keyword to perform a destructive read and close the
+# region as part of the cown creation. The cown is therefore created in
+# the "Released" status
+c3 = Cown(move r2)
+
+# Cowns can also point to other cowns. The second cown is also
+# in the "Released" state since the given cown is allowed to
+# have local references.
+c4 = Cown(c2)

examples/07-expressions.frank

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# The previous examples introduced objects, freezing, regions and cowns.
+# This example is a showcase of most expressions that FrankenScript
+# supports. It can be used as a reference for writing your own scripts.
+#
+# A list of built-in function can be found in the `docs` folder. Here is
+# a link to the rendered version on GitHub:
+# <https://github.com/fxpl/frankenscript/blob/main/docs/builtin.md>
+
+# This is how you construct the objects discussed in example 01
+a = {}
+x = "a new string"
+x = Region()
+x = Cown(None)
+
+# FrankenScript has a few built-in and frozen objects:
+x = True # The boolean value `true`
+x = False # The boolean value `false`
+x = None # The null value, similar to Python's None
+
+# FrankenScript supports functions with arguments and return values.
+def id(x):
+    return x
+
+# A function can be called like this. Each function call adds a new frame
+# to the diagram. The frame holds all variables known to the current scope.
+# The frame is deleted when the function returns.
+id(a)
+
+# Function objects are hidden from the mermaid to make it cleaner. But they're
+# still normal objects that can be used in assignments like this:
+a.id = id
+
+# This can be used to simulate method calls. Calling a function on stored in a
+# field will pass the object in as the first argument.
+a = a.id() # a is passed in as the first argument
+
+# The move keyword can be used for destructive reads. The previous location
+# is reassigned to None.
+b = move a
+
+# FrankenScript has two comparison operators. These check for object identity:
+res = b == None
+res = b != None
+
+# Boolean values can be used in if statements:
+if res:
+    pass() # A built-in function for empty blocks
+else:
+    unreachable() # A built-in function for unreachable branches
+
+# The else block is optional:
+if res:
+    pass()
+
+# Boolean expressions can also be used in while loops:
+while res == True:
+    res = False
+
+# For loops can be used to iterate over all fields of an object.
+a = {}
+a.field = "value"
+for key, value in b:
+    pass()