fix(core): Ensure errors thrown in async cron jobs bubble up

[andreiborza]

d045ba1 adds tests that fail:
https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-javascript/actions/runs/11682775381/job/32530893436?pr=14182#step:14:217

be36a22 adds the fix

Closes: #14163

[codecov]

❌ 1 Tests Failed:

Tests completed	Failed	Passed	Skipped
642	1	641	31

View the top 1 failed tests by shortest run time

cron-decorator.test.ts Sends exceptions to Sentry on error in cron job

Stack Traces | 30s run time

cron-decorator.test.ts:65:5 Sends exceptions to Sentry on error in cron job

To view individual test run time comparison to the main branch, go to the Test Analytics Dashboard

[chargome]

thanks for adding the test as well!