feat(core): Introduce debug to replace logger

[AbhiPrasad]

resolves #16903

ref #16901

This PR introduces a debug function that aims to replace logger.

This gives us a couple of benefits:

1. communicates intent of the export much better
2. avoids collision with logger exported from other sdks (which is used for sentry structured logging)
3. we can move structured logging logger code into @sentry/core, reducing duplication across our sdks

We don't deprecate logger just yet, we need to convert everything else in the other SDKs first.

[github-actions]

size-limit report 📦

Path	Size	% Change	Change
@sentry/browser	23.97 kB	+0.47%	+111 B 🔺
@sentry/browser - with treeshaking flags	22.43 kB	-0.28%	-62 B 🔽
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing)	39.81 kB	+0.27%	+104 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay)	77.93 kB	+0.05%	+34 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay) - with treeshaking flags	67.74 kB	-	-
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay with Canvas)	82.63 kB	+0.06%	+49 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback)	94.73 kB	+0.03%	+20 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. Feedback)	40.66 kB	+0.3%	+118 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. sendFeedback)	28.64 kB	+0.4%	+113 B 🔺
@sentry/browser (incl. FeedbackAsync)	33.54 kB	+0.34%	+113 B 🔺
@sentry/react	25.68 kB	+0.32%	+80 B 🔺
@sentry/react (incl. Tracing)	41.78 kB	+0.28%	+116 B 🔺
@sentry/vue	28.39 kB	+0.42%	+116 B 🔺
@sentry/vue (incl. Tracing)	41.59 kB	+0.26%	+107 B 🔺
@sentry/svelte	23.98 kB	+0.48%	+113 B 🔺
CDN Bundle	25.24 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing)	39.48 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay)	75.45 kB	-0.17%	-121 B 🔽
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback)	80.9 kB	-0.16%	-124 B 🔽
CDN Bundle - uncompressed	73.67 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing) - uncompressed	117.27 kB	-	-
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay) - uncompressed	231.44 kB	-0.14%	-320 B 🔽
CDN Bundle (incl. Tracing, Replay, Feedback) - uncompressed	244.26 kB	-0.14%	-320 B 🔽
@sentry/nextjs (client)	43.39 kB	+0.21%	+89 B 🔺
@sentry/sveltekit (client)	40.27 kB	+0.28%	+109 B 🔺
@sentry/node	167.63 kB	+0.03%	+48 B 🔺
@sentry/node - without tracing	100.36 kB	+0.07%	+61 B 🔺
@sentry/aws-serverless	128.49 kB	+0.05%	+53 B 🔺

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