internal/resolver: add target URI parsing with resolver validation

balancer/rls/config.go

@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"net/url"
 	"time"
 
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/balancer"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/balancer/rls/internal/keys"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/internal"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/internal/pretty"
 	rlspb "google.golang.org/grpc/internal/proto/grpc_lookup_v1"
+	iresolver "google.golang.org/grpc/internal/resolver"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/resolver"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/serviceconfig"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/encoding/protojson"
@@ -195,19 +195,9 @@ func parseRLSProto(rlsProto *rlspb.RouteLookupConfig) (*lbConfig, error) {
 	if lookupService == "" {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("rls: empty lookup_service in route lookup config %+v", rlsProto)
 	}
-	parsedTarget, err := url.Parse(lookupService)
+	_, err = iresolver.ParseTarget(lookupService, resolver.GetDefaultScheme(), resolver.Get)
 	if err != nil {
-		// url.Parse() fails if scheme is missing. Retry with default scheme.
-		parsedTarget, err = url.Parse(resolver.GetDefaultScheme() + ":///" + lookupService)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("rls: invalid target URI in lookup_service %s", lookupService)
-		}
-	}
-	if parsedTarget.Scheme == "" {
-		parsedTarget.Scheme = resolver.GetDefaultScheme()
-	}
-	if resolver.Get(parsedTarget.Scheme) == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("rls: unregistered scheme in lookup_service %s", lookupService)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("rls: invalid target URI in lookup_service %s: %v", lookupService, err)
 	}
 
 	lookupServiceTimeout, err := convertDuration(rlsProto.GetLookupServiceTimeout())

balancer/rls/config_test.go

@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ func (s) TestParseConfigErrors(t *testing.T) {
 						"lookupService": "badScheme:///target"
 					}
 				}`),
-			wantErr: "rls: unregistered scheme in lookup_service",
+			wantErr: "rls: invalid target URI in lookup_service",
 		},
 		{
 			desc: "invalid lookup service timeout",

clientconn.go

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
-	"net/url"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -1798,54 +1797,33 @@ func (cc *ClientConn) connectionError() error {
 func (cc *ClientConn) initParsedTargetAndResolverBuilder() error {
 	logger.Infof("original dial target is: %q", cc.target)
 
-	var rb resolver.Builder
-	parsedTarget, err := parseTarget(cc.target)
-	if err == nil {
-		rb = cc.getResolver(parsedTarget.URL.Scheme)
-		if rb != nil {
-			cc.parsedTarget = parsedTarget
-			cc.resolverBuilder = rb
-			return nil
-		}
+	// Try the target as given first. cc.getResolver checks both globally
+	// registered resolvers and any resolver registered via dial options.
+	if parsedTarget, err := iresolver.ParseTarget(cc.target, "", cc.getResolver); err == nil {
+		cc.parsedTarget = parsedTarget
+		cc.resolverBuilder = cc.getResolver(parsedTarget.URL.Scheme)
+		return nil
 	}
 
 	// We are here because the user's dial target did not contain a scheme or
 	// specified an unregistered scheme. We should fallback to the default
 	// scheme, except when a custom dialer is specified in which case, we should
-	// always use passthrough scheme. For either case, we need to respect any overridden
-	// global defaults set by the user.
+	// always use passthrough scheme. For either case, we need to respect any
+	// overridden global defaults set by the user.
 	defScheme := cc.dopts.defaultScheme
 	if internal.UserSetDefaultScheme {
 		defScheme = resolver.GetDefaultScheme()
 	}
 
-	canonicalTarget := defScheme + ":///" + cc.target
-
-	parsedTarget, err = parseTarget(canonicalTarget)
+	parsedTarget, err := iresolver.ParseTarget(defScheme+":///"+cc.target, "", cc.getResolver)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	rb = cc.getResolver(parsedTarget.URL.Scheme)
-	if rb == nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("could not get resolver for default scheme: %q", parsedTarget.URL.Scheme)
-	}
 	cc.parsedTarget = parsedTarget
-	cc.resolverBuilder = rb
+	cc.resolverBuilder = cc.getResolver(parsedTarget.URL.Scheme)
 	return nil
 }
 
-// parseTarget uses RFC 3986 semantics to parse the given target into a
-// resolver.Target struct containing url. Query params are stripped from the
-// endpoint.
-func parseTarget(target string) (resolver.Target, error) {
-	u, err := url.Parse(target)
-	if err != nil {
-		return resolver.Target{}, err
-	}
-
-	return resolver.Target{URL: *u}, nil
-}
-
 // encodeAuthority escapes the authority string based on valid chars defined in
 // https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986#section-3.2.
 func encodeAuthority(authority string) string {

internal/resolver/target.go

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/*
+ *
+ * Copyright 2026 gRPC authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+package resolver
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/url"
+
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/resolver"
+)
+
+// ParseTarget parses a gRPC target string into a resolver.Target, verifying
+// that a resolver is registered for the parsed scheme using builder.
+//
+// Hierarchical URIs (scheme://authority/path) with a non-empty scheme are
+// validated directly: if builder returns nil for the scheme an error is
+// returned immediately with no fallback.
+//
+// For opaque URIs (e.g. "host:port" where url.URL.Opaque is non-empty),
+// empty-scheme URIs, and parse failures, ParseTarget retries by prepending
+// defaultScheme + ":///" if defaultScheme is non-empty.
+//
+// builder is a function that returns the resolver.Builder for a given scheme,
+// or nil if no resolver is registered. Pass resolver.Get to use the global
+// resolver registry, or a custom lookup function (e.g. cc.getResolver) to
+// also consider resolvers registered via dial options.
+func ParseTarget(target, defaultScheme string, builder func(string) resolver.Builder) (resolver.Target, error) {
+	u, err := url.Parse(target)
+	if err == nil && u.Scheme != "" {
+		if builder(u.Scheme) != nil {
+			// Recognised scheme (hierarchical or opaque form) — use as-is.
+			return resolver.Target{URL: *u}, nil
+		}
+		if u.Opaque == "" {
+			// Unregistered scheme in hierarchical URI form (scheme://...): the
+			// caller explicitly chose this scheme; do not silently fall back.
+			return resolver.Target{}, fmt.Errorf("no resolver registered for scheme %q in target %q", u.Scheme, target)
+		}
+		// Opaque URI (e.g. "host:port") with unregistered scheme: treat the
+		// same as an empty-scheme URI and fall through to the retry below.
+	}
+	// Parse error, empty scheme, or opaque URI with unregistered scheme:
+	// retry by prepending defaultScheme if one is provided.
+	if defaultScheme != "" {
+		if u2, err2 := url.Parse(defaultScheme + ":///" + target); err2 == nil && builder(u2.Scheme) != nil {
+			return resolver.Target{URL: *u2}, nil
+		}
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return resolver.Target{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid target URI %q: %v", target, err)
+	}
+	if u.Scheme == "" {
+		return resolver.Target{}, fmt.Errorf("target URI %q has no scheme", target)
+	}
+	return resolver.Target{}, fmt.Errorf("no resolver registered for scheme %q in target %q", u.Scheme, target)
+}

internal/resolver/target_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+/*
+ *
+ * Copyright 2026 gRPC authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+package resolver_test
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	iresolver "google.golang.org/grpc/internal/resolver"
+	_ "google.golang.org/grpc/internal/resolver/passthrough" // Register passthrough resolver.
+	"google.golang.org/grpc/resolver"
+	_ "google.golang.org/grpc/resolver/dns" // Register dns resolver.
+)
+
+func TestParseTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name          string
+		target        string
+		defaultScheme string
+		wantScheme    string
+		wantErr       bool
+		errContain    string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "valid dns scheme",
+			target:     "dns:///example.com:443",
+			wantScheme: "dns",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "valid passthrough scheme",
+			target:     "passthrough:///localhost:8080",
+			wantScheme: "passthrough",
+		},
+		{
+			name:          "valid dns scheme with default",
+			target:        "dns:///example.com:443",
+			defaultScheme: "dns",
+			wantScheme:    "dns",
+		},
+		{
+			name:          "missing scheme falls back to default",
+			target:        "/path/to/socket",
+			defaultScheme: "passthrough",
+			wantScheme:    "passthrough",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "missing scheme without default",
+			target:     "/path/to/socket",
+			wantErr:    true,
+			errContain: "has no scheme",
+		},
+		{
+			name:          "host:port retries with default scheme",
+			target:        "localhost:8080",
+			defaultScheme: "passthrough",
+			wantScheme:    "passthrough",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "host:port without default",
+			target:     "localhost:8080",
+			wantErr:    true,
+			errContain: "no resolver registered for scheme",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "unregistered scheme",
+			target:     "unknown:///example.com:443",
+			wantErr:    true,
+			errContain: "no resolver registered for scheme",
+		},
+		{
+			// Explicit hierarchical URI with unknown scheme is rejected even when
+			// a default is provided. Only opaque URIs (host:port) fall back.
+			name:          "unregistered explicit scheme is rejected",
+			target:        "unknown:///foo",
+			defaultScheme: "passthrough",
+			wantErr:       true,
+			errContain:    "no resolver registered for scheme",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "invalid URI",
+			target:     "dns:///example\x00.com",
+			wantErr:    true,
+			errContain: "invalid target URI",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := iresolver.ParseTarget(tt.target, tt.defaultScheme, resolver.Get)
+			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("ParseTarget(%q, %q) error = %v, wantErr %v", tt.target, tt.defaultScheme, err, tt.wantErr)
+				return
+			}
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				if tt.errContain != "" && !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tt.errContain) {
+					t.Errorf("ParseTarget(%q, %q) error = %q, want it to contain %q", tt.target, tt.defaultScheme, err, tt.errContain)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			if got.URL.Scheme != tt.wantScheme {
+				t.Errorf("ParseTarget(%q, %q).URL.Scheme = %q, want %q", tt.target, tt.defaultScheme, got.URL.Scheme, tt.wantScheme)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseTargetWithCustomBuilder(t *testing.T) {
+	// A registry that only recognises "passthrough". This mirrors the
+	// cc.getResolver pattern in ClientConn, which may include resolvers
+	// registered via dial options that are invisible to resolver.Get.
+	passthroughOnly := func(scheme string) resolver.Builder {
+		if scheme == "passthrough" {
+			return resolver.Get("passthrough")
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name          string
+		target        string
+		defaultScheme string
+		wantScheme    string
+		wantErr       bool
+		errContain    string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "known scheme resolves",
+			target:     "passthrough:///service:8080",
+			wantScheme: "passthrough",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "dns not in custom registry",
+			target:     "dns:///example.com:443",
+			wantErr:    true,
+			errContain: "no resolver registered for scheme",
+		},
+		{
+			// Explicit hierarchical URI: dns is not in the custom registry, and
+			// unlike an opaque "host:port" URI, explicit schemes are not retried.
+			name:          "unregistered explicit scheme rejected even with default",
+			target:        "dns:///example.com:443",
+			defaultScheme: "passthrough",
+			wantErr:       true,
+			errContain:    "no resolver registered for scheme",
+		},
+		{
+			// Opaque URI (host:port form) falls back to the default scheme.
+			name:          "host:port falls back to custom default",
+			target:        "service:8080",
+			defaultScheme: "passthrough",
+			wantScheme:    "passthrough",
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "missing scheme without default",
+			target:     "/path",
+			wantErr:    true,
+			errContain: "has no scheme",
+		},
+		{
+			name:          "missing scheme uses default",
+			target:        "/path",
+			defaultScheme: "passthrough",
+			wantScheme:    "passthrough",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := iresolver.ParseTarget(tt.target, tt.defaultScheme, passthroughOnly)
+			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("ParseTarget(%q, %q) error = %v, wantErr %v", tt.target, tt.defaultScheme, err, tt.wantErr)
+				return
+			}
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				if tt.errContain != "" && !strings.Contains(err.Error(), tt.errContain) {
+					t.Errorf("ParseTarget(%q, %q) error = %q, want it to contain %q", tt.target, tt.defaultScheme, err, tt.errContain)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			if got.URL.Scheme != tt.wantScheme {
+				t.Errorf("ParseTarget(%q, %q).URL.Scheme = %q, want %q", tt.target, tt.defaultScheme, got.URL.Scheme, tt.wantScheme)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}