abstract = {Icing is a strategy used in American football during the last moments of game when a coach calls for a time-out to allow an opposing kicker to supposedly ruminate before a decisive field-kick. Using archival data of pressure kicks from twenty-five National Football League seasons (1999?2024), a generalized estimating equation (GEE) model accounting for nested data was applied. It was found that icing was successful in reducing scoring while other factors such as location (home vs. away), physical environment (indoors vs. outdoors) or season type (regular vs. playoffs) were not associated with the kicks? success. In a secondary analysis it was demonstrated with another limited set of nullified kicks that the second attempt in close time proximity did not yield a significant deterioration in performance thus presently failing to lend support to the ?twice taxed? hypothesis (Goldschmied et al., 2010) of why icing works. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed. Attempts at icing or the calling of time-outs by opposing coaches against kickers in the National Football League before crucial kicks were demonstrated to be successful (1999?2024 seasons). Other factors such as home vs. away, indoors vs. outdoors or regular vs. playoffs were not associated with the kicks? success. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICEOpposing coach should preserve and use time-outs to ice the kicker before crucial kicks.Kickers should practice kicking with icing manipulations in training. Opposing coach should preserve and use time-outs to ice the kicker before crucial kicks. Kickers should practice kicking with icing manipulations in training.},
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