Add validation framework exceptions and pydantic utilities

[SajidAlamQB]

Description

First in a series of PRs implementing the parameter validation framework (#5313). This PR adds the exceptions and utility functions that all subsequent validation components depend on.

See #5313 for the full implementation plan and architecture diagram.

PR chain:

PR 1: Exceptions + utils (this PR)
PR 2: Source filters + tests
PR 3: Model factory + tests
PR 4: Type extractor + tests
PR 5: Parameter validator + tests
PR 6: Context integration + tests

Development notes

Developer Certificate of Origin

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Checklist

• Read the contributing guidelines
• Signed off each commit with a Developer Certificate of Origin (DCO)
• Opened this PR as a 'Draft Pull Request' if it is work-in-progress
• Updated the documentation to reflect the code changes
• Added a description of this change in the RELEASE.md file
• Added tests to cover my changes
• Checked if this change will affect Kedro-Viz, and if so, communicated that with the Viz team