[release-1.20] Bump Go to v1.23.12

[k8s-infra-cherrypick-robot]

This is an automated cherry-pick of #5803

/assign mboersma

NONE

[mboersma]

/lgtm
/approve

[k8s-ci-robot]

LGTM label has been added.

Git tree hash: 1398a8945afdf300d2eb5af07df5279ec739b767

[k8s-ci-robot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: mboersma

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 52.81%. Comparing base (1c6476f) to head (01265f1).
⚠️ Report is 5 commits behind head on release-1.20.

Additional details and impacted files

@@               Coverage Diff                @@
##           release-1.20    #5804      +/-   ##
================================================
- Coverage         52.81%   52.81%   -0.01%     
================================================
  Files               279      279              
  Lines             29629    29602      -27     
================================================
- Hits              15650    15634      -16     
+ Misses            13162    13154       -8     
+ Partials            817      814       -3     

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