Bump Azure Service Operator from v2.13.0 to v2.17.0

[jackfrancis]

What type of PR is this?

/kind cleanup
/kind feature

What this PR does / why we need it:

Bump Azure Service Operator from v2.13.0 to v2.17.0, migrating removed API versions (v1api20210501, v1api20231102preview, v1api20230315preview) to their replacements (v1api20240402preview, v1api20250301, v1api20250801) and removing the now-unnecessary startupProbe patches.

Which issue(s) this PR fixes (optional, in fixes #<issue number>(, fixes #<issue_number>, ...) format, will close the issue(s) when PR gets merged):
Fixes #

Special notes for your reviewer:

TODOs:

• squashed commits
• includes documentation
• adds unit tests
• cherry-pick candidate

Release note:

Bump Azure Service Operator from v2.13.0 to v2.17.0

[k8s-ci-robot]

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 85.71429% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 43.69%. Comparing base (7ce1668) to head (a41d517).
⚠️ Report is 2 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
main.go	0.00%	2 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #6197      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   43.67%   43.69%   +0.02%     
==========================================
  Files         289      289              
  Lines       25495    25506      +11     
==========================================
+ Hits        11134    11146      +12     
+ Misses      13559    13558       -1     
  Partials      802      802              

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[nojnhuh]

Can we name the specific version where this should be removed? Then in case we forget about this we don't have to figure out what "next" meant relative to when this merged.

[jackfrancis]

/retest

[k8s-ci-robot]

@jackfrancis: The following tests failed, say /retest to rerun all failed tests or /retest-required to rerun all mandatory failed tests:

Test name	Commit	Details	Required	Rerun command
pull-cluster-api-provider-azure-apiversion-upgrade	a41d517	link	true	/test pull-cluster-api-provider-azure-apiversion-upgrade
pull-cluster-api-provider-azure-e2e-aks	a41d517	link	true	/test pull-cluster-api-provider-azure-e2e-aks

Full PR test history. Your PR dashboard. Please help us cut down on flakes by linking to an open issue when you hit one in your PR.

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