Support Kubernetes 1.29+

[mloiseleur]

What type of PR is this?

/kind bug

What this PR does / why we need it:

Related to #1331

Special notes for your reviewer:

Since we did not manage to get cloud-provider external works properly and it's not (yet) removed, I open this PR to (at least) provide a working Out Of the Box user XP when trying to start a Kubernetes 1.29+ cluster with this provider.

I'm not sure that documentation is needed, since it's already documented upstream.

TODOs:

• squashed commits
• includes documentation
• adds unit tests

Release note:

Disable required feature gates for Kubernetes 1.29+

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[salasberryfin]

Thanks @mloiseleur.

/lgtm

[salasberryfin]

/assign @richardcase

[cpanato]

thanks

[k8s-ci-robot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: cpanato, mloiseleur

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[cpanato]

/cherry-pick release-1.8

[k8s-infra-cherrypick-robot]

@cpanato: once the present PR merges, I will cherry-pick it on top of release-1.8 in a new PR and assign it to you.

In response to this:

/cherry-pick release-1.8

Instructions for interacting with me using PR comments are available here. If you have questions or suggestions related to my behavior, please file an issue against the kubernetes-sigs/prow repository.

[k8s-infra-cherrypick-robot]

@cpanato: new pull request created: #1346

In response to this:

/cherry-pick release-1.8

Instructions for interacting with me using PR comments are available here. If you have questions or suggestions related to my behavior, please file an issue against the kubernetes-sigs/prow repository.