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5 changes: 3 additions & 2 deletions LICENSE.TXT
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ Copyright (C) 2016 Nicholas Bertocchi
Copyright (C) 2016 Stefano Fondi
Copyright (C) 2016, 2017 Fabrice Lecuyer
Copyright (C) 2016, 2019, 2020 Eisuke Tani
Copyright (C) 2016, 2022 Quaternion Risk Management Ltd
Copyright (C) 2016, 2019, 2022 Quaternion Risk Management Ltd

Copyright (C) 2017 BN Algorithms Ltd
Copyright (C) 2017 Joseph Jeisman
Expand All @@ -153,11 +153,11 @@ Copyright (C) 2020 Piotr Siejda
Copyright (C) 2020, 2021 Jack Gillett
Copyright (C) 2020, 2021 Lew Wei Hao
Copyright (C) 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 Marcin Rybacki
Copyright (C) 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB (publ)

Copyright (C) 2021 Anubhav Pandey
Copyright (C) 2021 Magnus Mencke
Copyright (C) 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 Ralf Konrad Eckel
Copyright (C) 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB (publ)

Copyright (C) 2022, 2023 Ignacio Anguita
Copyright (C) 2022, 2023 Jonghee Lee
Expand All @@ -171,6 +171,7 @@ Copyright (C) 2023 Paul Xi Cao
Copyright (C) 2024 Jacques du Toit
Copyright (C) 2024 Jongbong An

Copyright (C) 2025 AcadiaSoft Inc.
Copyright (C) 2025 Hiroto Ogawa
Copyright (C) 2025 Paolo D'Elia
Copyright (C) 2025 Sotirios Papathanasopoulos
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3 changes: 3 additions & 0 deletions QuantLib.vcxproj
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -1727,6 +1727,8 @@
<ClInclude Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\blackconstantvol.hpp" />
<ClInclude Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\blackvariancecurve.hpp" />
<ClInclude Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\blackvariancesurface.hpp" />
<ClInclude Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\blackvariancetimeextrapolation.hpp" />
<ClInclude Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\blackvolsurfacedelta.hpp" />
<ClInclude Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\blackvoltermstructure.hpp" />
<ClInclude Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\fixedlocalvolsurface.hpp" />
<ClInclude Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\gridmodellocalvolsurface.hpp" />
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -2753,6 +2755,7 @@
<ClCompile Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\andreasenhugevolatilityinterpl.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\blackvariancecurve.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\blackvariancesurface.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\blackvolsurfacedelta.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\blackvoltermstructure.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\fixedlocalvolsurface.cpp" />
<ClCompile Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\gridmodellocalvolsurface.cpp" />
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9 changes: 9 additions & 0 deletions QuantLib.vcxproj.filters
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -2049,6 +2049,12 @@
<ClInclude Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\blackvariancesurface.hpp">
<Filter>termstructures\volatility\equityfx</Filter>
</ClInclude>
<ClInclude Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\blackvariancetimeextrapolation.hpp">
<Filter>termstructures\volatility\equityfx</Filter>
</ClInclude>
<ClInclude Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\blackvolsurfacedelta.hpp">
<Filter>termstructures\volatility\equityfx</Filter>
</ClInclude>
<ClInclude Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\blackvoltermstructure.hpp">
<Filter>termstructures\volatility\equityfx</Filter>
</ClInclude>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -5600,6 +5606,9 @@
<ClCompile Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\blackvariancesurface.cpp">
<Filter>termstructures\volatility\equityfx</Filter>
</ClCompile>
<ClCompile Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\blackvolsurfacedelta.cpp">
<Filter>termstructures\volatility\equityfx</Filter>
</ClCompile>
<ClCompile Include="ql\termstructures\volatility\equityfx\blackvoltermstructure.cpp">
<Filter>termstructures\volatility\equityfx</Filter>
</ClCompile>
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3 changes: 3 additions & 0 deletions ql/CMakeLists.txt
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -835,6 +835,7 @@ set(QL_SOURCES
termstructures/volatility/equityfx/andreasenhugevolatilityinterpl.cpp
termstructures/volatility/equityfx/blackvariancecurve.cpp
termstructures/volatility/equityfx/blackvariancesurface.cpp
termstructures/volatility/equityfx/blackvolsurfacedelta.cpp
termstructures/volatility/equityfx/blackvoltermstructure.cpp
termstructures/volatility/equityfx/fixedlocalvolsurface.cpp
termstructures/volatility/equityfx/gridmodellocalvolsurface.cpp
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -2103,6 +2104,8 @@ set(QL_HEADERS
termstructures/volatility/equityfx/blackconstantvol.hpp
termstructures/volatility/equityfx/blackvariancecurve.hpp
termstructures/volatility/equityfx/blackvariancesurface.hpp
termstructures/volatility/equityfx/blackvariancetimeextrapolation.hpp
termstructures/volatility/equityfx/blackvolsurfacedelta.hpp
termstructures/volatility/equityfx/blackvoltermstructure.hpp
termstructures/volatility/equityfx/fixedlocalvolsurface.hpp
termstructures/volatility/equityfx/gridmodellocalvolsurface.hpp
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3 changes: 3 additions & 0 deletions ql/termstructures/volatility/equityfx/Makefile.am
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ this_include_HEADERS = \
blackconstantvol.hpp \
blackvariancecurve.hpp \
blackvariancesurface.hpp \
blackvariancetimeextrapolation.hpp \
blackvolsurfacedelta.hpp \
blackvoltermstructure.hpp \
fixedlocalvolsurface.hpp \
gridmodellocalvolsurface.hpp \
Expand All @@ -27,6 +29,7 @@ cpp_files = \
andreasenhugevolatilityadapter.cpp \
blackvariancecurve.cpp \
blackvariancesurface.cpp \
blackvolsurfacedelta.cpp \
blackvoltermstructure.cpp \
fixedlocalvolsurface.cpp \
gridmodellocalvolsurface.cpp \
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18 changes: 12 additions & 6 deletions ql/termstructures/volatility/equityfx/blackvariancecurve.cpp
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -20,6 +20,7 @@

#include <ql/math/interpolations/linearinterpolation.hpp>
#include <ql/termstructures/volatility/equityfx/blackvariancecurve.hpp>
#include <ql/termstructures/volatility/equityfx/blackvariancetimeextrapolation.hpp>
#include <utility>

namespace QuantLib {
Expand All @@ -28,9 +29,10 @@ namespace QuantLib {
const std::vector<Date>& dates,
const std::vector<Volatility>& blackVolCurve,
DayCounter dayCounter,
bool forceMonotoneVariance)
bool forceMonotoneVariance,
BlackVolTimeExtrapolation timeExtrapolation)
: BlackVarianceTermStructure(referenceDate), dayCounter_(std::move(dayCounter)),
maxDate_(dates.back()) {
maxDate_(dates.back()), timeExtrapolation_(timeExtrapolation) {

QL_REQUIRE(dates.size()==blackVolCurve.size(),
"mismatch between date vector and black vol vector");
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -62,11 +64,15 @@ namespace QuantLib {
}

Real BlackVarianceCurve::blackVarianceImpl(Time t, Real) const {
if (t<=times_.back()) {
return varianceCurve_(t, true);
} else {
if (t <= times_.back() || timeExtrapolation_ == BlackVolTimeExtrapolation::UseInterpolatorVariance) {
return std::max(varianceCurve_(t, true), 0.0);
} else if (timeExtrapolation_ == BlackVolTimeExtrapolation::FlatVolatility) {
// extrapolate with flat vol
return varianceCurve_(times_.back(), true)*t/times_.back();
return timeExtrapolatationBlackVarianceFlat(t, times_, varianceCurve_);
} else if (timeExtrapolation_ == BlackVolTimeExtrapolation::UseInterpolatorVolatility) {
return timeExtrapolatationBlackVarianceInVolatility(t, times_, varianceCurve_);
} else {
QL_FAIL("Unknown time extrapolation method");
}
}

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4 changes: 3 additions & 1 deletion ql/termstructures/volatility/equityfx/blackvariancecurve.hpp
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -50,7 +50,8 @@ namespace QuantLib {
const std::vector<Date>& dates,
const std::vector<Volatility>& blackVolCurve,
DayCounter dayCounter,
bool forceMonotoneVariance = true);
bool forceMonotoneVariance = true,
BlackVolTimeExtrapolation timeExtrapolation = BlackVolTimeExtrapolation::FlatVolatility);
//! \name TermStructure interface
//@{
DayCounter dayCounter() const override { return dayCounter_; }
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -84,6 +85,7 @@ namespace QuantLib {
std::vector<Time> times_;
std::vector<Real> variances_;
Interpolation varianceCurve_;
BlackVolTimeExtrapolation timeExtrapolation_;
};


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Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
/* -*- mode: c++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */

/*
Copyright (C) 2025 AcadiaSoft Inc.

This file is part of QuantLib, a free-software/open-source library
for financial quantitative analysts and developers - http://quantlib.org/

QuantLib is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the QuantLib license. You should have received a
copy of the license along with this program; if not, please email
<quantlib-dev@lists.sf.net>. The license is also available online at
<https://www.quantlib.org/license.shtml>.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the license for more details.
*/

/*! \file blackvariancetimeextrapolation.hpp
\brief Utility function for time extrapolation in Black volatility in black variance term structures
*/

#include <array>
#include <functional>
#include <ql/math/comparison.hpp>
#include <ql/math/interpolation.hpp>
#include <ql/math/interpolations/interpolation2d.hpp>
#include <ql/math/interpolations/linearinterpolation.hpp>

namespace QuantLib {

namespace detail {
Real linearExtrapolation(const double t, const std::array<double, 2>& times, const std::array<double, 2>& variances);

inline Real linearExtrapolation(const double t, const std::array<double, 2>& times,
const std::array<double, 2>& variances) {
QL_REQUIRE(t > times[1], "t must be greater than times[1]");
QL_REQUIRE(times[1] > times[0], "times must be sorted");
QL_REQUIRE(variances[1] >= variances[0], "variances must be non-decreasing");
std::array<double, 2> vols;
vols[0] = close_enough(times[0], 0.0) ? 0.0 : std::sqrt(variances[0] / times[0]);
vols[1] = close_enough(times[1], 0.0) ? 0.0 : std::sqrt(variances[1] / times[1]);
LinearInterpolation interpolation(times.begin(), times.end(), vols.begin());
return std::max(interpolation(t, true), 0.0);
}
} // namespace



//! Extrapolate black variance using flat vol extrapolation in time direction
Real timeExtrapolatationBlackVarianceFlat(const Time t, const std::vector<double>& times,
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"extrapolatation" (here and everywhere)

const Interpolation& varianceCurve);

//! Extrapolate black variance using flat vol extrapolation in time direction
template <typename F>
Real timeExtrapolatationBlackVarianceFlat(const Time t, const Real strike, const std::vector<double>& times,
const F& varianceSurface) {
return std::max(varianceSurface(times.back(), strike, true), 0.0) / times.back() * t;
}


//! Extrapolate black variance in vol space and time direction using interpolation
//! Takes black variances convert them to volatilities and then linearly extrapolates
//! the volatilities in time direction
Real timeExtrapolatationBlackVarianceInVolatility(const Time t, const std::vector<double>& times,
const Interpolation& varianceCurve);

//! Extrapolate black variance in vol space and time direction using interpolation
//! Takes black variances convert them to volatilities and then linearly extrapolates
//! the volatilities in time direction
template <typename F>
Real timeExtrapolatationBlackVarianceInVolatility(const Time t, const Real strike, const std::vector<double>& times,
const F& varianceSurface) {
Size ind1 = times.size() - 2;
Size ind2 = times.size() - 1;
std::array<Real, 2> xs{times[ind1], times[ind2]};
std::array<Real, 2> variances;
variances[0] = varianceSurface(xs[0], strike, true);
variances[1] = varianceSurface(xs[1], strike, true);
Real v = detail::linearExtrapolation(t, xs, variances);
return v * v * t;
}

inline Real timeExtrapolatationBlackVarianceFlat(const Time t, const std::vector<double>& times,
const Interpolation& varianceCurve) {
return std::max(varianceCurve(times.back(), true), 0.0) / times.back() * t;
}

inline Real timeExtrapolatationBlackVarianceInVolatility(const Time t, const std::vector<double>& times,
const Interpolation& varianceCurve) {
Size ind1 = times.size() - 2;
Size ind2 = times.size() - 1;
std::array<Real, 2> xs{times[ind1], times[ind2]};
std::array<Real, 2> variances;
variances[0] = varianceCurve(xs[0], true);
variances[1] = varianceCurve(xs[1], true);
Real v = detail::linearExtrapolation(t, xs, variances);
return v * v * t;
}
} // namespace QuantLib
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