bump deps and fix min leaf

Cargo.toml

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ keywords = ["machine-learning", "random-forest", "decision-tree", "ensemble", "t
 name = "biosphere"
 
 [dependencies]
-ndarray = "0.17.1"
+ndarray = "0.17.2"
 rand = "0.9"
 rayon = "1.11"
 

biosphere-py/Cargo.toml

@@ -13,5 +13,5 @@ name = "biosphere"
 [dependencies]
 numpy = "0.27.1"
 biosphere = { path = "../" }
-ndarray = "0.17.1"
+ndarray = "0.17.2"
 pyo3 = {version = "0.27", features = ["extension-module"]}

biosphere-py/src/random_forest.rs

@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ impl RandomForest {
             random_state,
             max_depth,
             max_features.value,
-            min_samples_split,
             min_samples_leaf,
+            min_samples_split,
             n_jobs,
         );
         Ok(RandomForest {

src/tree/decision_tree.rs

@@ -97,8 +97,10 @@ impl DecisionTree {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::testing::load_iris;
-    use ndarray::s;
+    use crate::MaxFeatures;
+    use ndarray::{s, Array2};
     use rstest::*;
+    use std::collections::HashSet;
 
     #[rstest]
     fn test_tree() {
@@ -121,4 +123,169 @@ mod tests {
         // perfectly replicate these with another decision tree.
         assert_eq!(predictions - another_predictions, Array1::<f64>::zeros(150));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fit_with_constant_features_predicts_mean() {
+        let X = Array2::<f64>::zeros((10, 3));
+        let y = Array1::from_vec(vec![0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1., 1., 1., 1., 1.]);
+
+        let mut tree = DecisionTree::default();
+        tree.fit(&X.view(), &y.view());
+        let predictions = tree.predict(&X.view());
+
+        assert_eq!(predictions, Array1::<f64>::from_elem(10, 0.5));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_min_samples_leaf_prevents_split() {
+        let X = Array2::from_shape_fn((10, 1), |(i, _)| i as f64);
+        let y = Array1::from_vec(vec![0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1., 1., 1., 1., 1.]);
+
+        // Tree should not SPLIT because min_samples_leaf of 6 would leave fewer than 6 samples in one of the child nodes!
+        let parameters = DecisionTreeParameters::new(None, MaxFeatures::None, 2, 6, 0);
+        let mut tree = DecisionTree::new(parameters);
+        tree.fit(&X.view(), &y.view());
+        let predictions = tree.predict(&X.view());
+
+        assert_eq!(predictions, Array1::<f64>::from_elem(10, 0.5));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_min_samples_leaf_allows_valid_split() {
+        let X = Array2::from_shape_fn((4, 1), |(i, _)| i as f64);
+        let y = Array1::from_vec(vec![0., 0., 1., 1.]);
+
+        let parameters = DecisionTreeParameters::new(None, MaxFeatures::None, 2, 2, 0);
+        let mut tree = DecisionTree::new(parameters);
+        tree.fit(&X.view(), &y.view());
+        let predictions = tree.predict(&X.view());
+
+        assert_eq!(predictions, y);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_constant_features_do_not_leak_across_sibling_nodes() {
+        let mut X = Array2::<f64>::zeros((10, 2));
+        for row in 5..10 {
+            X[[row, 0]] = 1.;
+        }
+        for row in 7..10 {
+            X[[row, 1]] = 1.;
+        }
+        let y = Array1::from_vec(vec![0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 9., 9., 11., 11., 11.]);
+
+        let mut tree = DecisionTree::default();
+        tree.fit(&X.view(), &y.view());
+        let predictions = tree.predict(&X.view());
+
+        assert_eq!(predictions, y);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_predicts_three_classes_on_separable_data() {
+        let n = 30;
+        let X = Array2::from_shape_fn((n, 1), |(i, _)| i as f64);
+        let y = Array1::from_shape_fn(n, |i| {
+            if i < 10 {
+                0.
+            } else if i < 20 {
+                1.
+            } else {
+                2.
+            }
+        });
+
+        let mut tree = DecisionTree::default();
+        tree.fit(&X.view(), &y.view());
+        let predictions = tree.predict(&X.view());
+
+        assert_eq!(predictions, y);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_refit_overwrites_previous_tree() {
+        let X = Array2::from_shape_fn((10, 1), |(i, _)| i as f64);
+        let y = Array1::from_shape_fn(10, |i| if i < 5 { 0. } else { 10. });
+
+        let mut tree = DecisionTree::default();
+        tree.fit(&X.view(), &y.view());
+        let predictions = tree.predict(&X.view());
+        assert_eq!(predictions, y);
+
+        let X_constant = Array2::<f64>::zeros((10, 1));
+        let y_nonconstant = Array1::from_iter(1..=10).mapv(|x| x as f64);
+        let expected = y_nonconstant.sum() / y_nonconstant.len() as f64;
+
+        tree.fit(&X_constant.view(), &y_nonconstant.view());
+        let predictions = tree.predict(&X_constant.view());
+
+        assert_eq!(predictions, Array1::<f64>::from_elem(10, expected));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_large_tree_multiclass_grid_predictions_are_stable() {
+        let blocks_per_dim = 8usize;
+        let samples_per_block_edge = 4usize;
+        let grid_edge = blocks_per_dim * samples_per_block_edge;
+        let n = grid_edge * grid_edge;
+
+        let mut X = Array2::<f64>::zeros((n, 2));
+        let mut y = Array1::<f64>::zeros(n);
+
+        let mut idx = 0;
+        for i in 0..grid_edge {
+            for j in 0..grid_edge {
+                X[[idx, 0]] = i as f64 + 0.5;
+                X[[idx, 1]] = j as f64 + 0.5;
+
+                let class_x = i / samples_per_block_edge;
+                let class_y = j / samples_per_block_edge;
+                y[idx] = (class_x + blocks_per_dim * class_y) as f64;
+
+                idx += 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut tree = DecisionTree::default();
+        tree.fit(&X.view(), &y.view());
+
+        // Fits the training grid exactly.
+        assert_eq!(tree.predict(&X.view()), y);
+
+        // Probes multiple points inside each class region (not part of training grid),
+        // to ensure robust classification within each block.
+        let probes_per_block = 4usize;
+        let n_probes = blocks_per_dim * blocks_per_dim * probes_per_block;
+        let mut X_probe = Array2::<f64>::zeros((n_probes, 2));
+        let mut y_probe = Array1::<f64>::zeros(n_probes);
+
+        let mut idx = 0;
+        for class_y in 0..blocks_per_dim {
+            for class_x in 0..blocks_per_dim {
+                let base_x = (class_x * samples_per_block_edge) as f64;
+                let base_y = (class_y * samples_per_block_edge) as f64;
+                let class = (class_x + blocks_per_dim * class_y) as f64;
+
+                let corners = [
+                    (base_x + 0.1, base_y + 0.1),
+                    (base_x + 0.1, base_y + 3.9),
+                    (base_x + 3.9, base_y + 0.1),
+                    (base_x + 3.9, base_y + 3.9),
+                ];
+
+                for (x0, x1) in corners {
+                    X_probe[[idx, 0]] = x0;
+                    X_probe[[idx, 1]] = x1;
+                    y_probe[idx] = class;
+                    idx += 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let y_pred = tree.predict(&X_probe.view()).mapv(|x| x.round());
+        assert_eq!(y_pred, y_probe);
+
+        let predicted_classes: HashSet<i32> = y_pred.iter().map(|x| *x as i32).collect();
+        assert_eq!(predicted_classes.len(), blocks_per_dim * blocks_per_dim);
+    }
 }

src/tree/decision_tree_node.rs

@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ pub struct DecisionTreeNode {
 
 impl DecisionTreeNode {
     fn leaf_node(&mut self, label: f64) {
+        // Ensure any previous split state is cleared. This matters when the same
+        // `DecisionTreeNode` instance is reused (e.g. refitting a tree).
+        self.left_child = None;
+        self.right_child = None;
+        self.feature_index = None;
+        self.feature_value = None;
         self.label = Some(label);
     }
 
@@ -75,8 +81,14 @@ impl DecisionTreeNode {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            let (split, split_val, gain, left_sum) =
-                self.find_best_split(X, y, feature, samples[feature], sum);
+            let (split, split_val, gain, left_sum) = self.find_best_split(
+                X,
+                y,
+                feature,
+                samples[feature],
+                sum,
+                parameters.min_samples_leaf,
+            );
 
             if gain > best_gain {
                 best_gain = gain;
@@ -141,8 +153,15 @@ impl DecisionTreeNode {
         feature: usize,
         samples: &[usize],
         sum: f64,
+        min_samples_leaf: usize,
     ) -> (usize, f64, f64, f64) {
         let n = samples.len();
+        // If we can't create two children with at least `min_samples_leaf` samples,
+        // no split is valid.
+        if n < 2 * min_samples_leaf {
+            return (0, 0., 0., 0.);
+        }
+
         let mut cumsum = 0.;
         let mut max_proxy_gain = 0.;
         let mut proxy_gain: f64;
@@ -370,6 +389,7 @@ mod tests {
             feature,
             &samples,
             y.slice(s![start..stop]).sum(),
+            1,
         );
 
         assert_eq!((expected_split, expected_split_val), (split, split_val));
@@ -388,7 +408,7 @@ mod tests {
         samples.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| X[[*a, 0]].partial_cmp(&X[[*b, 0]]).unwrap());
 
         let (split, split_val, gain, sum) =
-            node.find_best_split(&X.view(), &y.view(), 0, &samples, 0.);
+            node.find_best_split(&X.view(), &y.view(), 0, &samples, 0., 1);
         assert_eq!((split, split_val, gain, sum), (0, 0., 0., 0.));
     }