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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion de/1-foundations/1-6/2_Understanding Topology.md
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Expand Up @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Nicht-mannigfaltige Geometrien sind essentielle Geometrien, die nicht in der "re

Inwiefern sind Polygonnetzgeometrien unterschiedlich von NURBS Geometrien? Wann ist es besser die eine oder die andere zu nutzen?

#####Parametrisierung
##### Parametrisierung
In einem früheren Kapitel haben wir gesehen, dass NURBS Flächen durch eine Serie von NURBS Kurven in beiden Richtungen definiert sind. Diese Richtungen sind mit U und V benannt und ermöglichen eine NURBS Fläche entsprechend einer zweidimensionalen Domäne zu parametrisieren. Die Kurven selbst werden als Gleichungen im Computer gespeichert, wodurch die resultierende Fläche mit beliebiger Präzision berechnet werden kann. Das Verbinden zweier NURBS Flächen wird in einer Polyfläche resultieren, in der verschiedene Schnitte der Geometrie verschiedene UV Parameter und Kurvendefinitionen haben werden.

Polygonnetze auf der anderen Seite werden durch eine konkrete Anzahl von genau definierten Eckpunkten und Netzflächen bestimmt. Das Netzwerk von Eckpunkten wird generell nicht mit einfachen UV Koordinaten beschrieben werden können. Die Darstellungspräzision kann nun nur durch Verfeinerung des Polygonnetzes oder das Hinzufügen weiterer Netzflächen verbessert werden, weil die Netzflächen die Darstellungspräzision durch ihre Darstellung klar definieren. Das Fehlen von UV Koordinaten jedoch ermöglicht es, Polygonnetze komplizierterer Geometrie flexibel in einem Polygonnetz handzuhaben, statt wie beim Fall der NURBS Darstellung auf eine Polyfläche zurückgreifen zu müssen.
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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion de/appendix/A-2/0_resources.md
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Expand Up @@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ http://www.giuliopiacentino.com/weaverbird/



###Additional Primers
### Additional Primers
**The Firefly Primer**
Dieses Buch möchte die Grundlagen der Elektronik (durch Arduino) lehren und verschiedene digitale/physische Techniken für Prototypen vorstellen. Es ist kein umfangreiches Buch über Elektronik (da es bereits eine Anzahl großartiger Ressourcen zu diesem Thema gibt). Stattdessen fokusiert sich das Buch auf die Erkundung der Produktentwicklung. Geschrieben von Andrew Payne.
http://fireflyexperiments.com/resources/
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4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions en/0-about/1-grasshopper-an-overview.md
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## Grasshopper - an Overview

#####Grasshopper is a visual programming editor developed by David Rutten at Robert McNeel & Associates. As a plug-in for Rhino3D, Grasshopper is integrated with the robust and versatile modeling environment used by creative professionals across a diverse range of fields, including architecture, engineering, product design, and more. In tandem, Grasshopper and Rhino offer us the opportunity to define precise parametric control over models, the capability to explore generative design workflows, and a platform to develop higher-level programming logic – all within an intuitive, graphical interface.
##### Grasshopper is a visual programming editor developed by David Rutten at Robert McNeel & Associates. As a plug-in for Rhino3D, Grasshopper is integrated with the robust and versatile modeling environment used by creative professionals across a diverse range of fields, including architecture, engineering, product design, and more. In tandem, Grasshopper and Rhino offer us the opportunity to define precise parametric control over models, the capability to explore generative design workflows, and a platform to develop higher-level programming logic – all within an intuitive, graphical interface.

The origins of Grasshopper can be traced to the functionality of Rhino3d
Version 4’s “Record History” button. This built-in feature enabled users to
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ prevent many unwanted headaches.
![IMAGE](images/flow.png)
>Program flow from left to right

####THINGS TO REMEMBER
#### THINGS TO REMEMBER
* Grasshopper is a graphical algorithm editor that is integrated with
Rhino3D’s modeling tools.
* Algorithms are step by step procedures designed to perform an operation.
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10 changes: 5 additions & 5 deletions en/1-foundations/1-1/1_installing-and-launching-grasshopper.md
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### 1.1.1. INSTALLING AND LAUNCHING GRASSHOPPER

#####The Grasshopper plugin is updated frequently so be sure to update to the latest build.
#####Note that there is currently no version of Grasshopper for Mac.
##### The Grasshopper plugin is updated frequently so be sure to update to the latest build.
##### Note that there is currently no version of Grasshopper for Mac.


####1.1.1.1. DOWNLOADING
#### 1.1.1.1. DOWNLOADING
To download the Grasshopper plug-in, visit the Grasshopper web site. Click on the Download tab at the top of the page, and when prompted on the next screen, enter your email address. Now, right click on the download link, and choose Save Target As from the menu. Select a location on your hard drive (note: the file cannot be loaded over a network connection, so the file must be saved locally to your computer’s hard drive) and save the executable file to that address.

![](images/1-1-1/1-1-1_001-downloading.png)

>Download Grasshopper from the [grasshopper3d.com](http://grasshopper3d.com) website.


####1.1.1.2. INSTALLING
#### 1.1.1.2. INSTALLING
Select Run from the download dialog box follow the installer instructions. (note: you must have Rhino 5 already installed on your computer for the plug-in to install properly).

![IMAGE](images/1-1-1/1-1-1_002-installing.png)
>Follow the steps in the Installation wizard.

####1.1.1.3. LAUNCHING
#### 1.1.1.3. LAUNCHING
To Launch Grasshopper, type Grasshopper into the Rhino Command line. When you launch Grasshopper, the first thing you will see is a new window floating in front of Rhino. Within this window you can create node-based programs to automate various types of functionality in Rhino. Best practice is to arrange the windows so that they do not overlap and Grasshopper does not obstruct the Rhino viewports.

![IMAGE](images/1-1-1/1-1-1_003-launching-a.png)
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24 changes: 12 additions & 12 deletions en/1-foundations/1-1/2_the-grasshopper-ui.md
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### 1.1.2. THE GRASSHOPPER UI

#####Grasshopper’s visual “plug-and-play” style gives designers the ability to combine creative problem solving with novel rule systems through the use of a fluid graphical interface.
##### Grasshopper’s visual “plug-and-play” style gives designers the ability to combine creative problem solving with novel rule systems through the use of a fluid graphical interface.

Let’s start by exploring Grasshopper’s user interface UI. Grasshopper is a
visual programming application where you are able to create programs, called
Expand All @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ will be very familiar to Rhino users. Let’s look at a few features of the inte
8. The status bar tells you what version of Grasshopper is currently installed on your machine. If a newer version is available, a pop-up menu will appear in your tray providing instructions on how to download the latest version.


####1.1.2.1. THE WINDOWS TITLE BAR
#### 1.1.2.1. THE WINDOWS TITLE BAR
The Editor Window title bar behaves differently from most other dialogs in
Microsoft Windows. If the window is not minimized or maximized, double
clicking the title bar will collapse the dialog into a minimized bar on your
Expand All @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ This is because once it is launched from the command prompt, your session
of Grasshopper stays active until that instance of Rhino is closed.


####1.1.2.2. MAIN MENU BAR
#### 1.1.2.2. MAIN MENU BAR
The title bar is similar to typical Windows menus, except for the file browser
control on the right (see next section). The File menu provides typical functions
(eg. New File, Open, Save, etc.) in addition to a few utility tools which let you
Expand All @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ and third-party plugins which can extend functionality.
![IMAGE](images/1-1-2/1-1-2_002-settings.png)
>The Preferences dialog allows you to set many of Grasshopper’s application settings.

####1.1.2.3. FILE BROWSER CONTROL
#### 1.1.2.3. FILE BROWSER CONTROL
The File Browser allows you to quickly switch between different loaded files by
selecting them through this drop-down list. Accessing your open files through
the File Browser drop-down list enables you to quickly copy and paste items
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ any Grasshopper files that were open when Rhino was shut down.
![IMAGE](images/1-1-2/1-1-2_003-autosave.png)
>Drag and Drop Files onto the Canvas.

####1.1.2.4. COMPONENT PALETTES
#### 1.1.2.4. COMPONENT PALETTES
This area organizes components into categories and sub-categories. Categories
are displayed as tabs, and subcategories are displayed as drop-down panels. All
components belong to a certain category. These categories have been labeled
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -138,12 +138,12 @@ provides access to all components in that sub-category.
4. Drop-down menu.


####1.1.2.5. THE CANVAS
#### 1.1.2.5. THE CANVAS
The canvas is the primary workspace for creating Grasshopper definitions. It is
here where you interact with the elements of your visual program. You can start
working in the canvas by placing components and connecting wires.

####1.1.2.6. GROUPING
#### 1.1.2.6. GROUPING
Grouping components together on the canvas can be especially useful for
readability and comprehensibility. Grouping allows you the ability to quickly
select and move multiple components around the canvas. You can create a group
Expand All @@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ outline type can be defined by right-clicking on any group object.
![IMAGE](images/1-1-2/1-1-2_008-grouping3.png)
>Two groups are nested inside one another. The color (light blue) has been changed on the outer group to help visually identify one group from the other. Groups are drawn “behind” the components within them and, in cases such as this, there is a depth order to the two groups. To change this, go to Edit > Arrange in the main menu bar.

####1.1.1.7. WIDGETS
#### 1.1.1.7. WIDGETS
There are a few widgets that are available in Grasshopper that can help you
perform useful actions. You can toggle any of these widgets on/off under the
Display menu of the Main Menu bar. Below we’ll look at a few of the most
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ other corners of the canvas or to hide it completely.



####1.1.2.8. USING THE SEARCH FEATURE
#### 1.1.2.8. USING THE SEARCH FEATURE
Although a lot of thought has gone into the placement of each component on
the component panel to make it intuitive for new users, people sometimes find
it difficult to locate a specific component that might be buried deep inside one
Expand All @@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ you will see a list of parameters or components that match your request.
3. Divide Domain2 component.


####1.1.2.9. THE FIND FEATURE
#### 1.1.2.9. THE FIND FEATURE
There are literally hundreds (if not thousands) of Grasshopper components
which are available to you and it can be daunting as a beginner to know where
to look to find a specific component within the Component Palettes. The quick
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ canvas) next to the Find dialog box.



####1.1.2.10. USING THE RADIAL MENU
#### 1.1.2.10. USING THE RADIAL MENU
As you become more proficient in using the Grasshopper interface, you’ll
begin to find ways to expedite your workflow. Using shortcuts is one way to do
this, however there is another feature which can allow you to quickly access
Expand All @@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ dramatically increase the speed at which you create Grasshopper documents.
![IMAGE](images/1-1-2/1-1-2_016-radial-menu.png)
>The Radial UI menu allows you to quickly access frequently used menu items.

####1.1.2.11. THE CANVAS TOOLBAR
#### 1.1.2.11. THE CANVAS TOOLBAR
The canvas toolbar provides quick access to a number of frequently used
Grasshopper features. All of the tools are available through the menu as well,
and you can hide the toolbar if you like. The toolbar can be re-enabled from the
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20 changes: 10 additions & 10 deletions en/1-foundations/1-1/3_talking-to-rhino.md
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###1.1.3. TALKING TO RHINO
### 1.1.3. TALKING TO RHINO

#####Unlike a Rhino document, a Grasshopper definition does not contain any actual objectsor geometry. Instead, a Grasshopper definition represents a set of rules & instructions for how Rhino can automate tasks.
##### Unlike a Rhino document, a Grasshopper definition does not contain any actual objectsor geometry. Instead, a Grasshopper definition represents a set of rules & instructions for how Rhino can automate tasks.

![IMAGE](images/1-1-3/1-1-3_001-talking-to-rhino.png)
>1. Grasshopper preview geometry.
Expand All @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@



####1.1.3.1. VIEWPORT FEEDBACK
#### 1.1.3.1. VIEWPORT FEEDBACK
All geometry that is generated using the various Grasshopper components will
show up (by default) in the Rhino viewport. This preview is just an Open GL
approximation of the actual geometry, and as such you will not be able to select
Expand All @@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ provide visual feedback. The image below outlines the default color scheme.
3. Point geometry is drawn as a cross rather than a rectangle to distinguish it from other Rhino point objects.
4. Blue feedback means you are currently making a selection in the Rhino Viewport.

####1.1.3.2. LIVE WIRES
#### 1.1.3.2. LIVE WIRES
Grasshopper is a dynamic environment. Changes that are made are live and their
preview display is updated in the Rhino viewport.

![IMAGE](images/1-1-3/1-1-3_003-live-wires.png)

####1.1.3.3. GUMBALL WIDGET
#### 1.1.3.3. GUMBALL WIDGET
When storing geometry as internalized in a Grasshopper parameter, the gumball
allows you to interface with that geometry in the Rhino viewport. This update is
live and updates will occur as you manipulate the gumball. In contrast, geometry
Expand All @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ to during).

![IMAGE](images/1-1-3/1-1-3_004-gumball.png)

####1.1.3.4. BAKING GEOMETRY
#### 1.1.3.4. BAKING GEOMETRY
In order to work with (select, edit, transform, etc.) geometry in Rhino that was
created in Grasshopper, you must “bake” it. Baking instantiates new geometry
into the Rhino document based on the current state of the Grasshopper graph. It
Expand All @@ -56,15 +56,15 @@ bake.
3. Grouping your baked geometry is a convenient way to manage the instantiated Rhino geometry, particularly if you are creating many objects with Grasshopper.


####1.1.3.5. UNITS & TOLERANCES
#### 1.1.3.5. UNITS & TOLERANCES
Grasshopper inherits units and tolerances from Rhino. To change the units,
type Document Properties in the Rhino command line to access the Document
Properties menu. Select Units to change the units and tolerances.

![IMAGE](images/1-1-3/1-1-3_006-units.png)
>Change the units and tolerances in the Rhino Document Properties menu.

####1.1.3.6. REMOTE CONTROL PANEL
#### 1.1.3.6. REMOTE CONTROL PANEL
Once you get the hang of it, Grasshopper is an incredibly powerful and flexible
tool which allows you to explore design iterations using a graphic interface.
However, if you’re working with a single screen then you may have already
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ to switch back to the standard Working Mode.



####1.1.3.7. FILE MANAGEMENT
#### 1.1.3.7. FILE MANAGEMENT
If your Grasshopper file references geometry from Rhino, you must open that
same file for the definition to work. Keep your files organized by storing the
Grasshopper and Rhino files in the same folder, and giving them related names.
Expand All @@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ Grasshopper and Rhino files in the same folder, and giving them related names.
2. Rhino file.
3. Grasshopper file.

####1.1.3.8. TEMPLATES
#### 1.1.3.8. TEMPLATES
Creating and specifiying a template file in your Grasshopper preferences is
convenient way to set up every new Grasshopper definition you create. The
template can include Grasshopper components as well as panels and sketch
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## 1.2. ANATOMY OF A GRASSHOPPER DEFINTION

####Grasshopper allows you to create visual programs called definitions. These definitions are made up of nodes connected by wires. The following chapter introduces Grasshopper objects and how to interact with them to start building definitions.
#### Grasshopper allows you to create visual programs called definitions. These definitions are made up of nodes connected by wires. The following chapter introduces Grasshopper objects and how to interact with them to start building definitions.

![IMAGE](images/1-2/1-2_001-anatomy-of-definition.png)
8 changes: 4 additions & 4 deletions en/1-foundations/1-2/1_grasshopper-object-types.md
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### 1.2.1. GRASSHOPPER OBJECT TYPES

#####Grasshopper consists of two primary types of user objects: parameters andcomponents. Parameters store data, whereas components perform actions that resultin data. The most basic way to understand Grasshopper is to remember that we willuse data to define the inputs of actions (which will result in new data that we cancontinue to use).
##### Grasshopper consists of two primary types of user objects: parameters andcomponents. Parameters store data, whereas components perform actions that resultin data. The most basic way to understand Grasshopper is to remember that we willuse data to define the inputs of actions (which will result in new data that we cancontinue to use).

####1.2.1.1. PARAMETERS
#### 1.2.1.1. PARAMETERS
Parameters store the data - numbers, colors, geometry, and more - that we send through the graph in our definition. Parameters are container objects which are usually shown as small rectangular boxes with a single input and single output. We also know that these are parameters because of the shape of their icon. All parameter objects have a hexagonal border around their icon.

Geometry parameters can reference geometry from Rhino, or inherit geometry from other components. The point and curve objects are both geometry parameters.
Expand All @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Input parameters are dynamic interface objects that allow you to interact with y

![IMAGE](images/1-2-1/1-2-1_002-input-parameters.png)

####1.2.1.2. COMPONENTS
#### 1.2.1.2. COMPONENTS
Components perform actions based on the inputs they receive. There are manytypes of components for different tasks.

![IMAGE](images/1-2-1/1-2-1_003-components.png)
Expand All @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ segments.
3. The Circle CNR component constructs a circle geometry from input data; a center point, normal vector, and radius.
4. The Loft component constructs a surface by lofting curves.

####1.2.1.3. OBJECT COLORS
#### 1.2.1.3. OBJECT COLORS
We can glean some information about the state of each object based on their color. Let’s take a look at Grasshopper’s default color coding system.

A parameter which contains neither warnings nor errors is shown in light
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