FIX-#7664: Add typing_extensions dependency

[sfc-gh-joshi]

What do these changes do?

typing_extensions (used to get the Self type) is included as a tertiary dependency of Ray for Python 3.12 and below, but it is no longer included for 3.13. This PR makes it a direct dependency of modin.

The conda-forge recipe (which has been broken for a while) will need to be updated.

• first commit message and PR title follow format outlined here

  NOTE: If you edit the PR title to match this format, you need to add another commit (even if it's empty) or amend your last commit for the CI job that checks the PR title to pick up the new PR title.

• passes flake8 modin/ asv_bench/benchmarks scripts/doc_checker.py
• passes black --check modin/ asv_bench/benchmarks scripts/doc_checker.py
• signed commit with git commit -s
• Resolves clean install of modin[ray] on python 3.13 causes "ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'typing_extensions'" #7664
• tests added and passing
• module layout described at docs/development/architecture.rst is up-to-date