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Merge pull request #358 from monarch-initiative/add_otomycosis
Add otomycosis
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‎kb/disorders/Otomycosis.yaml‎

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‎references_cache/DOI_10.1007_s10096-011-1185-2.md‎

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reference_id: "DOI:10.1007/s10096-011-1185-2"
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title: Human antimicrobial proteins in ear wax
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authors:
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- M. Schwaab
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- A. Gurr
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- A. Neumann
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- S. Dazert
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- A. Minovi
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journal: "European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases"
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year: '2011'
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doi: 10.1007/s10096-011-1185-2
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content_type: unavailable
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---
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# Human antimicrobial proteins in ear wax
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**Authors:** M. Schwaab, A. Gurr, A. Neumann, S. Dazert, A. Minovi
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**Journal:** European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (2011)
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**DOI:** [10.1007/s10096-011-1185-2](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-011-1185-2)
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## Content

‎references_cache/DOI_10.1007_s12070-024-04852-z.md‎

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reference_id: "DOI:10.1007/s12070-024-04852-z"
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title: Topical Antibiotic-Induced Otomycosis - a Systematic Review of Aetiology and Risk Factors
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authors:
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- Maria Pereira
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- Karthik Rao
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- Florida Sharin
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- Faiz Tanweer
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- Manish Mair
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- Peter Rea
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journal: "Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery"
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year: '2024'
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doi: 10.1007/s12070-024-04852-z
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content_type: unavailable
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---
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# Topical Antibiotic-Induced Otomycosis - a Systematic Review of Aetiology and Risk Factors
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**Authors:** Maria Pereira, Karthik Rao, Florida Sharin, Faiz Tanweer, Manish Mair, Peter Rea
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**Journal:** Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery (2024)
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**DOI:** [10.1007/s12070-024-04852-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070-024-04852-z)
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## Content

‎references_cache/DOI_10.3390_ijms27020622.md‎

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reference_id: "DOI:10.3390/ijms27020622"
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title: The Importance of Ear Canal Microbiota and Earwax in the Prevention of Outer Ear Infections
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authors:
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- Paulina Paprocka
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- Jakub Spałek
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- Tamara Daniluk
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- Szczepan Kaliniak
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- Bonita Durnaś
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- Sławomir Okła
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- Robert Bucki
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journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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year: '2026'
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doi: 10.3390/ijms27020622
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content_type: abstract_only
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---
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# The Importance of Ear Canal Microbiota and Earwax in the Prevention of Outer Ear Infections
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**Authors:** Paulina Paprocka, Jakub Spałek, Tamara Daniluk, Szczepan Kaliniak, Bonita Durnaś, Sławomir Okła, Robert Bucki
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**Journal:** International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2026)
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**DOI:** [10.3390/ijms27020622](https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27020622)
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## Content
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This article describes the microbiome of the outer ear and the earwax in the ear canal, which performs various protective functions against bacterial infections. This article is based on an analysis of literature gathered from databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus, primarily from the last 15 years. The search strategy included MeSH terms: ear canal, microbiome, earwax, cerumen, antibacterial peptides, ear infections, biofilm. Only peer-reviewed articles were included. The natural ear canal microbiota provides so-called colonization resistance, which protects against invasion by pathogenic microorganisms. Earwax is composed primarily of keratin secreted by epithelial cells and substances secreted by sweat and apocrine glands. It plays a key role in the physiology of the ear canal, maintaining a low pH, limiting moisture, and exhibiting antimicrobial properties. Both an excess and a deficiency of earwax can lead to dysbiosis of the outer ear, and consequently to the development of various infections. In an era of increasing antibiotic resistance and the search for new solutions in the fight against pathogenic microorganisms, understanding the natural properties of earwax is becoming increasingly important.

‎references_cache/DOI_10.3390_molecules27175424.md‎

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reference_id: "DOI:10.3390/molecules27175424"
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title: Poly-(lactic-co-glycolic) Acid Nanoparticles Entrapping Pterostilbene for Targeting Aspergillus Section Nigri
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authors:
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- Anastasia Orekhova
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- Cleofe Palocci
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- Laura Chronopoulou
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- Giulia De Angelis
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- Camilla Badiali
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- Valerio Petruccelli
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- Simone D’Angeli
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- Gabriella Pasqua
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- Giovanna Simonetti
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journal: Molecules
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year: '2022'
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doi: 10.3390/molecules27175424
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content_type: abstract_only
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---
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# Poly-(lactic-co-glycolic) Acid Nanoparticles Entrapping Pterostilbene for Targeting Aspergillus Section Nigri
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**Authors:** Anastasia Orekhova, Cleofe Palocci, Laura Chronopoulou, Giulia De Angelis, Camilla Badiali, Valerio Petruccelli, Simone D’Angeli, Gabriella Pasqua, Giovanna Simonetti
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**Journal:** Molecules (2022)
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**DOI:** [10.3390/molecules27175424](https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175424)
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## Content
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Poly-(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) is a biodegradable, biosafe, and biocompatible copolymer. The Aspergillus section Nigri causes otomycosis localized in the external auditory canal. In this research, Aspergillus brasiliensis, a species belonging to the Nigri section, was tested. Coumarin 6 and pterostilbene loaded in poly-(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles (PLGA-coumarin6-NPs and PLGA-PTB-NPs) were tested for fungal cell uptake and antifungal ability against A. brasiliensis biofilm, respectively. Moreover, the activity of PLGA-PTB-NPs in inhibiting the A. brasiliensis infection was tested using Galleria mellonella larvae. The results showed a fluorescence signal, after 50 nm PLGA-coumarin6-NPs treatment, inside A. brasiliensis hyphae and along the entire thickness of the biofilm matrix, which was indicative of an efficient NP uptake. Regarding antifungal activity, a reduction in A. brasiliensis biofilm formation and mature biofilm with PLGA-PTB-NPs has been demonstrated. Moreover, in vivo experiments showed a significant reduction in mortality of infected larvae after injection of PLGA-PTB-NPs compared to free PTB at the same concentration. In conclusion, the PLGA-NPs system can increase the bioavailability of PTB in Aspergillus section Nigri biofilm by overcoming the biofilm matrix barrier and delivering PTB to fungal cells.

‎references_cache/DOI_10.36347_sajb.2024.v12i08.001.md‎

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reference_id: "DOI:10.36347/sajb.2024.v12i08.001"
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title: "Otomycosis, Review"
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authors:
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- Mouna Akeel Hamed Al-Oebady
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- Hawraa F. Wali
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- Nuha Mohammed Mousa
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journal: Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences
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year: '2024'
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doi: 10.36347/sajb.2024.v12i08.001
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content_type: abstract_only
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---
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# Otomycosis, Review
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**Authors:** Mouna Akeel Hamed Al-Oebady, Hawraa F. Wali, Nuha Mohammed Mousa
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**Journal:** Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences (2024)
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**DOI:** [10.36347/sajb.2024.v12i08.001](https://doi.org/10.36347/sajb.2024.v12i08.001)
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## Content
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The word "otomycosis" refers to a specific type of fungal infection affecting the external auditory canal. It appears to be a highly prevalent clinical condition seen in otorhinolaryngology outpatient departments worldwide. Most Aspergillus and Candida species are the etiological microorganisms that form biofilm inside the ear canal. The development of otomycosis can be caused by improper self-cleaning, self-medication, and the insertion of needless instruments into the ear canal. Ear pain, discharge from the ears, and hearing loss are the main signs of otomycosis. Therefore, in order to take a percussive action during the primary stage of infection, the correct diagnosis is imperative. However, special medical attention is required, particularly in patients with low immunity, when infection spreads to a mastoid area with a suppurative condition. The purpose of this thorough review is to raise awareness of the importance of good health education and self-hygiene in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle. The majority of cases of otomycosis affect one ear, and immunocompromised patients are more likely to experience bilateral involvement. The most often mentioned risk factors include swimming, applying mustard oil to ears, overusing antibiotic ear drops, using Q-tips, wooden sticks, metal pickers, and self-cleaning of ears with these items. Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently implicated bacterium in cases of concurrent otomycosis. In order to lower the incidence of otomycosis, this literature review emphasizes the necessity of education in order to eliminate the previously mentioned predisposing risk factors.

‎references_cache/PMID_1601193.md‎

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reference_id: "PMID:1601193"
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title: Allergic contact dermatitis from the earmolds of hearing aids.
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authors:
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- Meding B
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- Ringdahl A
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journal: Ear Hear
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year: '1992'
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doi: 10.1097/00003446-199204000-00009
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content_type: abstract_only
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---
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# Allergic contact dermatitis from the earmolds of hearing aids.
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**Authors:** Meding B, Ringdahl A
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**Journal:** Ear Hear (1992)
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**DOI:** [10.1097/00003446-199204000-00009](https://doi.org/10.1097/00003446-199204000-00009)
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## Content
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1. Ear Hear. 1992 Apr;13(2):122-4. doi: 10.1097/00003446-199204000-00009.
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Allergic contact dermatitis from the earmolds of hearing aids.
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Meding B(1), Ringdahl A.
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Author information:
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(1)Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska Sjukhuset, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Hearing aid users with longstanding and severe dermatitis in the ear canal were
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examined by a dermatologist and patch tested. In 6 of 22 (27%) patients, contact
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allergy to the earmold material was found. Four of the six had a positive test
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reaction to methyl methacrylate and two also to triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate
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and urethane dimethacrylate. Positive patch test reactions to substances used
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for topical treatment were found as well. Routines including liberal patch
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testing for this group of patients are suggested.
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DOI: 10.1097/00003446-199204000-00009
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PMID: 1601193 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

‎references_cache/PMID_16978145.md‎

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reference_id: "PMID:16978145"
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title: Participation of proteolytic enzymes in the interaction of plants with phytopathogenic microorganisms.
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authors:
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- Mosolov VV
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- Valueva TA
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journal: Biochemistry (Mosc)
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year: '2006'
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doi: 10.1134/s0006297906080037
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content_type: abstract_only
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---
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# Participation of proteolytic enzymes in the interaction of plants with phytopathogenic microorganisms.
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**Authors:** Mosolov VV, Valueva TA
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**Journal:** Biochemistry (Mosc) (2006)
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**DOI:** [10.1134/s0006297906080037](https://doi.org/10.1134/s0006297906080037)
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## Content
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1. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2006 Aug;71(8):838-45. doi: 10.1134/s0006297906080037.
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Participation of proteolytic enzymes in the interaction of plants with
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phytopathogenic microorganisms.
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Mosolov VV(1), Valueva TA.
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Author information:
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(1)Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071,
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Russia.
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Different forms of participation of proteolytic enzymes in pathogenesis and
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plant defense are reviewed. Together with extracellular proteinases,
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phytopathogenic microorganisms produce specific effectors with proteolytic
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activity and are able to act on proteins inside the plant cell. In turn, plants
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use both extracellular and intracellular proteinases for defense against
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phytopathogenic microorganisms. Among the latter, a special role belongs to
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vacuolar processing enzymes (legumains), which perform the function of caspases
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in the plant cell.
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DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906080037
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PMID: 16978145 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

‎references_cache/PMID_20717034.md‎

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reference_id: "PMID:20717034"
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title: "Ear canal cholesteatoma: meta-analysis of clinical characteristics with update on classification, staging and treatment."
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authors:
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- Dubach P
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- Mantokoudis G
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- Caversaccio M
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journal: Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
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year: '2010'
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doi: 10.1097/MOO.0b013e32833da84e
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content_type: abstract_only
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---
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# Ear canal cholesteatoma: meta-analysis of clinical characteristics with update on classification, staging and treatment.
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**Authors:** Dubach P, Mantokoudis G, Caversaccio M
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**Journal:** Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg (2010)
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**DOI:** [10.1097/MOO.0b013e32833da84e](https://doi.org/10.1097/MOO.0b013e32833da84e)
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## Content
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1. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010 Oct;18(5):369-76. doi:
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10.1097/MOO.0b013e32833da84e.
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Ear canal cholesteatoma: meta-analysis of clinical characteristics with update
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on classification, staging and treatment.
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Dubach P(1), Mantokoudis G, Caversaccio M.
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Author information:
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(1)Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern
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University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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patrick.dubach@insel.ch
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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We present an update on clinical evaluation, staging,
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classification and treatment of canal cholesteatoma, including a meta-analysis
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of clinical data of the last 30 years.
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RECENT FINDINGS: Ear canal cholesteatoma is frequently associated secondarily to
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other canal pathologies. The cause for the rare idiopathic form of the disease
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remains enigmatic. Epidemiologic and experimental studies of its pathogenesis
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have increased; however, the main explanatory theory of a deficient migratory
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capacity of the canal epithelium affected has been falsified only recently.
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Therefore, the debate on the pathogenesis has gained additional impetus and more
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data is needed.
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SUMMARY: Canal cholesteatoma is a rarity in otologic pathology, often leading to
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misdiagnosis as external otitis or otomycosis by physicians unfamiliar with the
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disease. It presents typically with otorrhea, focal erosion and keratin
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accumulation in the osseous ear canal and has to be distinguished from keratosis
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obturans, which leads to otalgia and bilateral conductive hearing loss by
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ceruminal plugs, with circumferential distention of the ear canal. Treatment by
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canaloplasty is curative and highly successful. Alternative conservative
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treatment is feasible, however, requiring long-term follow up, with often
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painful cleaning of the lesion.
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DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0b013e32833da84e
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PMID: 20717034 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

‎references_cache/PMID_21298458.md‎

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reference_id: "PMID:21298458"
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title: Human antimicrobial proteins in ear wax.
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authors:
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- Schwaab M
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- Gurr A
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- Neumann A
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- Dazert S
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- Minovi A
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journal: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis
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year: '2011'
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doi: 10.1007/s10096-011-1185-2
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content_type: abstract_only
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---
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# Human antimicrobial proteins in ear wax.
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**Authors:** Schwaab M, Gurr A, Neumann A, Dazert S, Minovi A
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**Journal:** Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis (2011)
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**DOI:** [10.1007/s10096-011-1185-2](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-011-1185-2)
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## Content
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1. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011 Aug;30(8):997-1004. doi:
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10.1007/s10096-011-1185-2. Epub 2011 Feb 6.
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Human antimicrobial proteins in ear wax.
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Schwaab M(1), Gurr A, Neumann A, Dazert S, Minovi A.
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Author information:
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(1)Department of Otorhinolarnygology, Head and Neck surgery, St. Marienhospital
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Vechta, Marienstr. 6-8, 49377, Vechta, Germany. matthiasschwaab@gmx.de
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The external auditory canal is vulnerable to bacterial infections, but little is
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known about thechemical compositions of ear wax regarding antimicrobial
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peptides. We, therefore, studied the proteinconcentrations of ten well-known
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human antimicrobial peptides from ear wax.Twenty ear wax samples from healthy
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individuals were analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to
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determine theprotein concentrations of the antimicrobial peptides hBD1-3,
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lactoferrin, LL-37, BPI, hSLPI and HNP1-3. All ten antimicrobial peptides are
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present in ear wax. Some of these proteins seem to be merelycell-bound in ear
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wax. Antimicrobial peptides in ear wax prevent bacteria and fungi from causing
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infections inthe external auditory canal. The role and importance of these
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proteins for the blind-ending ear externalcanal is discussed. If this local
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defence system fails, infections of the external auditory canal may result.The
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knowledge about the presence of antimicrobial peptides in cerumen may lead to
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new concepts ofthe local treatment of external auditory canal diseases in the
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future.
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DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1185-2
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PMID: 21298458 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

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