🏃 Bring repository up to speed

[denialhaag]

Description

This brings the repository up to speed. In particular, this PR

• updates MQT Core,
• updates the workflows,
• streamlines the Python bindings,
• streamlines the README,
• sets up a documentation,
• sets up templating,
• drops support for Python 3.9,
• drops support for x86 macOS systems, and
• further aligns the repository with other MQT repositories.

Checklist:

• The pull request only contains commits that are focused and relevant to this change.
• I have added appropriate tests that cover the new/changed functionality.
• I have updated the documentation to reflect these changes.
• I have added entries to the changelog for any noteworthy additions, changes, fixes or removals.
• I have added migration instructions to the upgrade guide (if needed).
• The changes follow the project's style guidelines and introduce no new warnings.
• The changes are fully tested and pass the CI checks.
• I have reviewed my own code changes.

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[burgholzer]

Just me being picky again about the BibTeX entry. Otherwise this looks great. Thanks for the effort here. Really great to see this on the same level with the other repositories, which should hopefully help to make maintenance even easier in the future.