[SDK] Tracer provider shutdown blocks in-definitively

[marcalff]

Fixes #3187

Changes

Please provide a brief description of the changes here.

• Fixed several ::Shutdown() methods, where the timeout parameter was missing
• Fixed implementation to forward the timeout parameter downstream, from providers to processors to exporters

For significant contributions please make sure you have completed the following items:

• CHANGELOG.md updated for non-trivial changes
• Unit tests have been added
• Changes in public API reviewed

[netlify]

✅ Deploy Preview for opentelemetry-cpp-api-docs canceled.

Name	Link
🔨 Latest commit	1945bf3
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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 80.00000% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 87.83%. Comparing base (6218a24) to head (1945bf3).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...lemetry/exporters/memory/in_memory_span_exporter.h	0.00%	2 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #3191      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   87.86%   87.83%   -0.03%     
==========================================
  Files         195      195              
  Lines        6153     6154       +1     
==========================================
- Hits         5406     5405       -1     
- Misses        747      749       +2     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
...e/opentelemetry/sdk/metrics/push_metric_exporter.h	100.00% <ø> (ø)
sdk/include/opentelemetry/sdk/trace/processor.h	100.00% <ø> (ø)
sdk/src/logs/logger_provider.cc	90.91% <100.00%> (ø)
sdk/src/metrics/meter_context.cc	76.06% <100.00%> (ø)
sdk/src/metrics/meter_provider.cc	87.18% <100.00%> (ø)
sdk/src/trace/tracer_provider.cc	89.37% <100.00%> (ø)
...lemetry/exporters/memory/in_memory_span_exporter.h	80.96% <0.00%> (-8.52%)	⬇️

[owent]

LGTM and thanks.