feat(instrumentation-pg): add error type to db duration metric

[maryliag]

Which problem is this PR solving?

• Part Of Prototype for Semantic Conventions for Database Metrics #2348

Short description of the changes

• Add error type to db duration operation metric. It uses the error codes from postgres, so we can limit cardinality and they're well known error codes.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 90.85%. Comparing base (9b43ccb) to head (6926399).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #2476   +/-   ##
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  Coverage   90.85%   90.85%           
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  Files         159      159           
  Lines        7851     7853    +2     
  Branches     1621     1622    +1     
=======================================
+ Hits         7133     7135    +2     
  Misses        718      718           

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
...elemetry-instrumentation-pg/src/instrumentation.ts	89.72% <ø> (ø)
...node/opentelemetry-instrumentation-pg/src/utils.ts	97.65% <100.00%> (+0.03%)	⬆️