Enable pre-commit hooks

[jordancarlin]

Add pre-commit hooks to ensure all lint rules pass before committing. This avoids repeatedly pushing to GitHub to try resolving a lint error.

The setup script is updated to automatically enable the pre-commit hooks whenever someone clones the repo and the installation files are updated to install pre-commit when running the main toolchain install.

Migrates the existing ruff lint to run in pre-commit hooks and adds several other basic checks (no large files, no merge conflict indicator marks, parseable yaml/json files, etc.).

There are several other pre-commit hooks that we should enable, but they touch a decent number of files so I'll do them as separate PRs to make it easier to review.

[davidharrishmc]

This scares me a little bit. If you ever graduate and something breaks, I'll never figure out how to fix it.

[rosethompson]

Do we want to try it for a week or two on separate branch and push intentionally malformed test files?
High level I understand how this works, but I am unfamiliar with the detail.