Add debug mode to Numba linker

[ricardoV94]

This was useful to figure out #1233

Probably can be improved, so take it as a sandbox to be expanded in the future.

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📚 Documentation preview 📚: https://pytensor--1234.org.readthedocs.build/en/1234/

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 86.66667% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 81.99%. Comparing base (5d4e9e0) to head (2d477c4).
Report is 259 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
pytensor/link/numba/dispatch/basic.py	77.77%	1 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #1234   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   81.99%   81.99%           
=======================================
  Files         188      188           
  Lines       48566    48581   +15     
  Branches     8677     8679    +2     
=======================================
+ Hits        39823    39836   +13     
- Misses       6580     6581    +1     
- Partials     2163     2164    +1     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
pytensor/link/numba/linker.py	88.46% <100.00%> (+3.46%)	⬆️
pytensor/link/numba/dispatch/basic.py	79.15% <77.77%> (-0.04%)	⬇️

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