[3.12] Check for valid tp_version_tag in specializer (gh-89811)

[lazorchakp]

Backports #113558 to 3.12. Also backports #113953, which fixes a bug in the original PR.

• I removed two test cases from test_type_cache for specializations that only exist on main
• I also need to backport this to 3.11, but that is currently proving to be a bit more complicated than I would have hoped

• Issue: Better tp_version_tag overflow checks in specializer #89811

[lazorchakp]

@Fidget-Spinner keeping you in the loop for this. I'm still working on the 3.11 backport

[bedevere-bot]

🤖 New build scheduled with the buildbot fleet by @Fidget-Spinner for commit 321137e 🤖

If you want to schedule another build, you need to add the 🔨 test-with-buildbots label again.

[Fidget-Spinner]

These buildbots fail on main too, so this PR should be fine. Thanks!