gh-132532: Add CHECK_PERIODIC instruction and use it for CALLs instead of the uop version.

Doc/library/dis.rst

@@ -1721,6 +1721,13 @@ iterations of the loop.
       Previously, this instruction also pushed a boolean value indicating
       success (``True``) or failure (``False``).
 
+.. opcode:: CHECK_PERIODIC
+
+   Detects and handles certain conditions of interpreter state, such as
+   signals and async exceptions. This bytecode is emitted alongside calls
+   and backward jumps to ensure that it appears in any long execution path.
+
+   .. versionadded:: 3.14
 
 .. opcode:: RESUME (context)
 

Doc/whatsnew/3.14.rst

@@ -1696,6 +1696,9 @@ CPython Bytecode Changes
 * Replaced the opcode ``BINARY_SUBSCR`` by :opcode:`BINARY_OP` with oparg ``NB_SUBSCR``.
   (Contributed by Irit Katriel in :gh:`100239`.)
 
+* Added opcode ``CHECK_PERIODIC`` which detects and handles signals, async exceptions,
+  etc. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in :gh:`132532`.)
+
 Porting to Python 3.14
 ======================
 

Include/internal/pycore_magic_number.h

@@ -275,6 +275,7 @@ Known values:
     Python 3.14a6 3620 (Optimize bytecode for all/any/tuple called on a genexp)
     Python 3.14a7 3621 (Optimize LOAD_FAST opcodes into LOAD_FAST_BORROW)
     Python 3.14a7 3622 (Store annotations in different class dict keys)
+    Python 3.14a7 3623 (Add CHECK_PERIODIC instruction)
 
     Python 3.15 will start with 3650
 
@@ -287,7 +288,7 @@ PC/launcher.c must also be updated.
 
 */
 
-#define PYC_MAGIC_NUMBER 3622
+#define PYC_MAGIC_NUMBER 3623
 /* This is equivalent to converting PYC_MAGIC_NUMBER to 2 bytes
    (little-endian) and then appending b'\r\n'. */
 #define PYC_MAGIC_NUMBER_TOKEN \