Arm backend: Convert remaining asserts that should be exceptions

[Sebastian-Larsson]

cc @digantdesai @freddan80 @per @zingo @oscarandersson8218

[pytorch-bot]

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🧪 See artifacts and rendered test results at hud.pytorch.org/pr/pytorch/executorch/14590

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❌ 4 New Failures, 5 Unrelated Failures

As of commit 5215ef3 with merge base 25b3d63 ():

NEW FAILURES - The following jobs have failed:

• pull / test-qnn-wheel-packages-linux (3.10) / linux-job (gh)
  RuntimeError: Command docker exec -t 6d09e202687871906640e7cd39ad8f1c2f2d2317ba979d5adef2b8a406b7a50b /exec failed with exit code 1
• pull / test-qnn-wheel-packages-linux (3.11) / linux-job (gh)
  RuntimeError: Command docker exec -t 96b891b8f923bac93cd71ea0b6c938e8253a725de58817e08187068611ccc094 /exec failed with exit code 1
• pull / test-qnn-wheel-packages-linux (3.12) / linux-job (gh)
  RuntimeError: Command docker exec -t 1a3965510f27f56b470d7387c6377c9fa534d9ad1ef9a4217a02cc4a2920688f /exec failed with exit code 1
• pull / test-samsung-models-linux / linux-job (gh)
  RuntimeError: Command docker exec -t ae78224c0056e509b9cdb118863a637ccb19a23db2dc685a1f1994bdbd6431a5 /exec failed with exit code 1

FLAKY - The following jobs failed but were likely due to flakiness present on trunk:

• pull / test-setup-linux-gcc / linux-job (gh) (similar failure)
  ##[error]The operation was canceled.
• pull / unittest / macos / macos-job (gh) (similar failure)
  exir/tests/test_quant_fusion_pass.py::TestQuantFusionPass::test_embedding_torchao
• pull / unittest-editable / macos / macos-job (gh) (similar failure)
  exir/tests/test_quant_fusion_pass.py::TestQuantFusionPass::test_embedding_torchao

BROKEN TRUNK - The following jobs failed but were present on the merge base:

👉 Rebase onto the `viable/strict` branch to avoid these failures

• pull / test-binary-size-linux-gcc / linux-job (gh) (trunk failure)
  ##[error]The operation was canceled.
• trunk / unittest-release / macos / macos-job (gh) (trunk failure)
  exir/tests/test_quant_fusion_pass.py::TestQuantFusionPass::test_embedding_torchao

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[Sebastian-Larsson]

CI failures seem unrelated