feat: advance to ubuntu 24.04 #3011

Job	Run time
build-run-image (large-linux-x86, amd64)	2m 30s
build-run-image (large-linux-arm, arm64)	6m 29s
build-run-image (macos-latest-xlarge, arm64)	4m 3s
run-tests / prepare	49s
run-testinfra / prepare	44s
run-tests / build ("17")	1m 45s
run-tests / build ("orioledb-17")	1m 43s
run-tests / build ("15")	1m 32s
run-testinfra / test-ami-nix ("15")	41m 32s
run-testinfra / test-ami-nix ("orioledb-17")	42m 10s
run-testinfra / test-ami-nix ("17")	42m 51s
	2h 26m 8s

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