dev: update dev container to use Debian trixie

[reubenmiller]

Proposed changes

Update the VS Code dev container to the latest stable Debian version (trixie) and update various dev packages.

Below is a list of the main changes:

• Use latest apt versions (no need to use apt backports)
• Update script to remove usage of deprecated cli commands like apt-key and add-apt-repository
• Update nodejs to v24
• Remove deprecated github actions in devcontainer workflow

Note: The default dev container referenced in the .devcontainer.json file will be updated in a follow up PR once the new dev container image has been published.

Types of changes

• Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Improvement (general improvements like code refactoring that doesn't explicitly fix a bug or add any new functionality)
• Documentation Update (if none of the other choices apply)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)

Paste Link to the issue

Checklist

• I have read the CONTRIBUTING doc
• I have signed the CLA (in all commits with git commit -s. You can activate automatic signing by running just prepare-dev once)
• I ran just format as mentioned in CODING_GUIDELINES
• I used just check as mentioned in CODING_GUIDELINES
• I have added tests that prove my fix is effective or that my feature works
• I have added necessary documentation (if appropriate)

Further comments

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.

📢 Thoughts on this report? Let us know!

🚀 New features to boost your workflow:

• ❄️ Test Analytics: Detect flaky tests, report on failures, and find test suite problems.

[github-actions]

Robot Results

✅ Passed	❌ Failed	⏭️ Skipped	Total	Pass %	⏱️ Duration
762	0	4	762	100	2h25m41.802699999s

[albinsuresh]

LGTM