feat(install): improve robustness, error handling, and internationalization

[naoNao89]

1. Safe argument validation (prevents panics)
2. Signal exit codes per POSIX (128+signal)
3. Full i18n (all debug messages translated)

GNU compliant: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/install.1.html
Covers error paths, maintains backward compatibility.

[github-actions]

GNU testsuite comparison:

GNU test failed: tests/install/install-Z-selinux. tests/install/install-Z-selinux is passing on 'main'. Maybe you have to rebase?

[codspeed-hq]

CodSpeed Performance Report

Merging #9451 will not alter performance

_{Comparing naoNao89:feature/install-strip-safe-handling (94ca85a) with main (b37da0a)}

Summary

✅ 126 untouched
⏩ 6 skipped¹

Footnotes

1. 6 benchmarks were skipped, so the baseline results were used instead. If they were deleted from the codebase, click here and archive them to remove them from the performance reports. ↩

[github-actions]

GNU testsuite comparison:

GNU test failed: tests/install/install-Z-selinux. tests/install/install-Z-selinux is passing on 'main'. Maybe you have to rebase?
Skip an intermittent issue tests/misc/tee (fails in this run but passes in the 'main' branch)

[github-actions]

GNU testsuite comparison:

GNU test failed: tests/install/install-Z-selinux. tests/install/install-Z-selinux is passing on 'main'. Maybe you have to rebase?

[github-actions]

GNU testsuite comparison:

GNU test failed: tests/install/install-Z-selinux. tests/install/install-Z-selinux is passing on 'main'. Maybe you have to rebase?
Skipping an intermittent issue tests/tail/overlay-headers (passes in this run but fails in the 'main' branch)

[github-actions]

GNU testsuite comparison:

Skipping an intermittent issue tests/misc/tee (passes in this run but fails in the 'main' branch)