fix(course/15): 适配 Zig 0.15 构建系统与 IO 变更

- 全面替换 std.io.getStdOut/getStdErr.writer 为 std.fs.File.stdout/stderr().writer 并增加缓冲区
- 构建脚本统一使用 .root_module = b.createModule 语法，修正 addModule 用法
- 更新 hello_world、build_system、package_management_importer 等示例以适配新 IO API
- 修正 tinytetris、options 等 build.zig 文件的模块创建方式
- 升级 zig-msgpack 依赖至 0.0.8，更新 hash 与 url
- 增加 Windows 下 echo_tcp_server.zig 自动链接 ws2_32 库
- 移除冗余注释，优化代码风格与一致性

Author: jinzhongjia

build/0.15.zig

@@ -52,6 +52,10 @@ pub fn build(b: *Build) void {
                 });
                 exe.linkLibC();
 
+                if (exe.root_module.resolved_target.?.result.os.tag == .windows and std.mem.eql(u8, "echo_tcp_server.zig", entry.name)) {
+                    std.log.info("link ws2_32 for {s}", .{entry.name});
+                    exe.linkSystemLibrary("ws2_32");
+                }
                 // add to default install
                 b.installArtifact(exe);
 

course/code/15/build_system/basic/build.zig

@@ -1,22 +1,17 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 
 pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
-    // 标准构建目标
     const target = b.standardTargetOptions(.{});
-
-    // 标准构建模式
     const optimize = b.standardOptimizeOption(.{});
 
-    // 添加一个二进制可执行程序构建
     const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
         .name = "zig",
-        .root_module = b.addModule("zig", .{
+        .root_module = b.createModule(.{
             .root_source_file = b.path("src/main.zig"),
             .target = target,
             .optimize = optimize,
         }),
     });
 
-    // 添加到顶级 install step 中作为依赖
     b.installArtifact(exe);
 }

course/code/15/build_system/basic/src/main.zig

@@ -7,12 +7,13 @@ pub fn main() !void {
     // stdout is for the actual output of your application, for example if you
     // are implementing gzip, then only the compressed bytes should be sent to
     // stdout, not any debugging messages.
-    const stdout_file = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
-    var bw = std.io.bufferedWriter(stdout_file);
-    const stdout = bw.writer();
+    var stdout_buffer: [1024]u8 = undefined;
+    var stdout_writer = std.fs.File.stdout().writer(&stdout_buffer);
+    const stdout = &stdout_writer.interface;
+
     try stdout.print("Run `zig build test` to run the tests.\n", .{});
 
-    try bw.flush(); // don't forget to flush!
+    try stdout.flush();
 }
 
 test "simple test" {

course/code/15/build_system/cli/build.zig

@@ -1,29 +1,21 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 
 pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
-    // 标准构建目标
     const target = b.standardTargetOptions(.{});
-
-    // 标准构建模式
     const optimize = b.standardOptimizeOption(.{});
-
-    // 使用 option 来获取命令参数决定是否剥离调试信息
     const is_strip =
         b.option(bool, "is_strip", "whether strip executable") orelse
         false;
 
-    // 添加一个二进制可执行程序构建
     const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
         .name = "zig",
-        .root_module = b.addModule("zig", .{
+        .root_module = b.createModule(.{
             .root_source_file = b.path("src/main.zig"),
             .target = target,
             .optimize = optimize,
-            // 设置 exe 的 strip
             .strip = is_strip,
         }),
     });
 
-    // 添加到顶级 install step 中作为依赖
     b.installArtifact(exe);
 }

course/code/15/build_system/cli/src/main.zig

@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ pub fn main() !void {
     // stdout is for the actual output of your application, for example if you
     // are implementing gzip, then only the compressed bytes should be sent to
     // stdout, not any debugging messages.
-    const stdout_file = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
-    var bw = std.io.bufferedWriter(stdout_file);
-    const stdout = bw.writer();
+    var stdout_buffer: [1024]u8 = undefined;
+    var stdout_writer = std.fs.File.stdout().writer(&stdout_buffer);
+    const stdout = &stdout_writer.interface;
 
     try stdout.print("Run `zig build test` to run the tests.\n", .{});
 
-    try bw.flush(); // don't forget to flush!
+    try stdout.flush(); // don't forget to flush!
 }
 
 test "simple test" {

course/code/15/build_system/lib/build.zig

@@ -8,35 +8,24 @@ pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
     const optimize = b.standardOptimizeOption(.{});
 
     // 尝试添加一个静态库
-    const lib = b.addStaticLibrary(.{
-        // 库的名字
-        .name = "example",
-        // 源文件地址
-        .root_module = b.addModule("example", .{
-            .root_source_file = b.path("src/root.zig"),
-            // 构建目标
-            .target = target,
-            // 构建模式
-            .optimize = optimize,
-        }),
-    });
+    const lib = b.addLibrary(.{ .name = "example", .root_module = b.createModule(.{
+        .root_source_file = b.path("src/root.zig"),
+        .target = target,
+        .optimize = optimize,
+    }) });
 
-    // 这代替原本的 lib.install，在构建时自动构建 lib
-    // 但其实这是不必要的，因为如果有可执行二进制程序构建使用了 lib，那么它会自动被构建
     b.installArtifact(lib);
 
-    // 添加一个二进制可执行程序构建
     const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
         .name = "zig",
-        .root_module = b.addModule("zig", .{
+        .root_module = b.createModule(.{
             .root_source_file = b.path("src/main.zig"),
             .target = target,
             .optimize = optimize,
         }),
     });
-    // 链接 lib
+
     exe.linkLibrary(lib);
 
-    // 添加到顶级 install step 中作为依赖，构建 exe
     b.installArtifact(exe);
 }

course/code/15/build_system/lib/src/main.zig

@@ -7,18 +7,11 @@ pub fn main() !void {
     // stdout is for the actual output of your application, for example if you
     // are implementing gzip, then only the compressed bytes should be sent to
     // stdout, not any debugging messages.
-    const stdout_file = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
-    var bw = std.io.bufferedWriter(stdout_file);
-    const stdout = bw.writer();
+    var stdout_buffer: [1024]u8 = undefined;
+    var stdout_writer = std.fs.File.stdout().writer(&stdout_buffer);
+    const stdout = &stdout_writer.interface;
 
     try stdout.print("Run `zig build test` to run the tests.\n", .{});
 
-    try bw.flush(); // don't forget to flush!
-}
-
-test "simple test" {
-    var list = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.testing.allocator);
-    defer list.deinit(); // try commenting this out and see if zig detects the memory leak!
-    try list.append(42);
-    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(i32, 42), list.pop());
+    try stdout.flush();
 }

course/code/15/build_system/options/build.zig

@@ -10,9 +10,11 @@ pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
     // 添加一个二进制可执行程序构建
     const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
         .name = "zig",
-        .root_source_file = b.path("src/main.zig"),
-        .target = target,
-        .optimize = optimize,
+        .root_module = b.createModule(.{
+            .root_source_file = b.path("src/main.zig"),
+            .target = target,
+            .optimize = optimize,
+        }),
     });
 
     // 通过标准库获取时间戳

course/code/15/build_system/step/src/main.zig

@@ -7,18 +7,11 @@ pub fn main() !void {
     // stdout is for the actual output of your application, for example if you
     // are implementing gzip, then only the compressed bytes should be sent to
     // stdout, not any debugging messages.
-    const stdout_file = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
-    var bw = std.io.bufferedWriter(stdout_file);
-    const stdout = bw.writer();
+    var stdout_buffer: [1024]u8 = undefined;
+    var stdout_writer = std.fs.File.stdout().writer(&stdout_buffer);
+    const stdout = &stdout_writer.interface;
 
     try stdout.print("Run `zig build test` to run the tests.\n", .{});
 
-    try bw.flush(); // don't forget to flush!
-}
-
-test "simple test" {
-    var list = std.ArrayList(i32).init(std.testing.allocator);
-    defer list.deinit(); // try commenting this out and see if zig detects the memory leak!
-    try list.append(42);
-    try std.testing.expectEqual(@as(i32, 42), list.pop());
+    try stdout.flush();
 }

course/code/15/build_system/test/src/main.zig

@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ pub fn main() !void {
     // stdout is for the actual output of your application, for example if you
     // are implementing gzip, then only the compressed bytes should be sent to
     // stdout, not any debugging messages.
-    const stdout_file = std.io.getStdOut().writer();
-    var bw = std.io.bufferedWriter(stdout_file);
-    const stdout = bw.writer();
+    var stdout_buffer: [1024]u8 = undefined;
+    var stdout_writer = std.fs.File.stdout().writer(&stdout_buffer);
+    const stdout = &stdout_writer.interface;
 
     try stdout.print("Run `zig build test` to run the tests.\n", .{});
 
-    try bw.flush(); // don't forget to flush!
+    try stdout.flush();
 }
 
 test "simple test" {