feat(data): FGA Foundation + Diploma coverage gap-fill — 38 new species/synthetics/simulants

data/source/minerals/ametrine.yaml

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+id: ametrine
+name: Ametrine
+crystal_system: trigonal
+point_group: "32"
+chemistry: SiO2
+mineral_group: Quartz group
+category: Tectosilicates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 7
+sg: 2.65
+ri: 1.544-1.553
+birefringence: 0.009
+optical_character: Uniaxial +
+dispersion: 0.013
+lustre: Vitreous
+cleavage: None
+fracture: Conchoidal
+diagnostic_features: "Bicolour quartz with distinct amethyst (purple) and citrine (yellow-orange) sectors; sharp colour boundary; uniaxial positive; RI 1.544-1.553; SG 2.65; hardness 7; Bolivia Anahí mine as primary natural source"
+pleochroism: Weak (purple/pale in amethyst sectors; near-absent in citrine sectors)
+pleochroism_strength: weak
+pleochroism_color1: Purple
+pleochroism_color2: Pale violet to colourless
+colors:
+- Bicolour purple/violet (amethyst sector) and yellow to orange (citrine sector)
+treatments:
+- Thermal/irradiation treatment of amethyst can produce synthetic ametrine; natural ametrine from Bolivia has specific inclusions distinguishing it from treated material
+localities:
+- Bolivia (Anahí mine, Santa Cruz province; primary and most celebrated source)
+- Brazil (minor; bicolour quartz from various localities)
+- India (minor occurrences)
+inclusions:
+- Two-phase fluid inclusions in both sectors
+- Growth zone planes parallel to rhombohedral faces
+- Sharp colour sector boundaries (diagnostic of natural bicolour growth)
+notes: >
+  Bicolour variety of quartz showing amethyst (purple; Fe4+/Fe3+ colour centre) and citrine
+  (yellow-orange; Fe3+ in different coordination) growth sectors in a single crystal.
+  The Bolivia Anahí mine is documented as the primary commercial source by Sunagawa et al. 1999
+  (DOI 10.1016/s0022-0248(99)00866-0) [VERIFIED] and Fritsch & Shigley 1994, Gems & Gemology
+  (DOI 10.5741/gems.30.1.4) [VERIFIED]. Crystal system trigonal 32 (same as quartz and amethyst/
+  citrine). RI and SG from Read 7th ed. (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED].
+  Distinction from heat-treated bicolour quartz: natural ametrine has sharp sector boundaries
+  and specific inclusion suite from the Anahí mine.
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Ametrine
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Ametrine (bicolour Quartz)
+    #! System: Trigonal (32)
+    #! Habit: Prismatic hexagonal crystal with amethyst/citrine colour sectors
+    trigonal[32]:{10-10}@1.0 + {10-11}@0.8 + {0001}@0.3
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Bicolour quartz crystal with amethyst (purple, Fe4+) and citrine (yellow, Fe3+) growth sectors
+    separated by a sharp planar boundary. Bolivia Anahí mine is the benchmark natural source.
+    CDL identical to quartz/amethyst/citrine; the bicolour character is a growth phenomenon.
+  forms:
+  - prism
+  - rhombohedron
+  - pinacoid

data/source/minerals/andalusite.yaml

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+id: andalusite
+name: Andalusite
+crystal_system: orthorhombic
+point_group: mmm
+chemistry: Al2SiO5
+mineral_group: Al2SiO5 polymorph group (with kyanite and sillimanite)
+category: Nesosilicates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 7-7.5
+sg: 3.13-3.17
+ri: 1.629-1.650
+birefringence: 0.007-0.013
+optical_character: Biaxial -
+dispersion: 0.016
+lustre: Vitreous
+cleavage: Distinct prismatic {110} in two directions at ~90°
+fracture: Uneven to conchoidal
+diagnostic_features: "Strong trichroism (dark red/reddish-brown + olive green to yellowish-green + orange to brownish-yellow) — the single most diagnostic optical feature; chiastolite cross-section (carbonaceous inclusions in symmetrical cross pattern in some crystals)"
+pleochroism: Strong trichroism
+pleochroism_strength: strong
+pleochroism_color1: Dark red to reddish-brown
+pleochroism_color2: Olive green to yellowish-green
+pleochroism_notes: Third direction orange to brownish-yellow; trichroism visible in dichroscope; "The strong trichroism of andalusite — with dark red, olive green, and orange-yellow visible through the dichroscope — is the single most diagnostic optical feature of this species"
+colors:
+- Yellow-green
+- Olive green
+- Brownish-red
+- Reddish-orange
+- Greenish-brown
+treatments:
+- Generally not treated
+localities:
+- Brazil (Minas Gerais; primary source of transparent gem-quality)
+- Sri Lanka (alluvial; lighter tone)
+- Spain (Almeria, Castile; chiastolite variety)
+- Madagascar
+- USA (California; chiastolite variety)
+inclusions:
+- Chiastolite: carbonaceous (graphite-rich) inclusions forming the diagnostic cross pattern
+- Gem-quality: occasional two-phase fluid inclusions
+- Apatite or mica inclusions (metamorphic paragenesis)
+notes: >
+  Al2SiO5 nesosilicate; one of three Al2SiO5 polymorphs (andalusite, kyanite, sillimanite).
+  Orthorhombic mmm; biaxial negative with 2V ~85°. Strong trichroism (X = dark red,
+  Y = olive green, Z = orange-yellow) is primary diagnostic. Chiastolite is the carbonaceous
+  variety showing a symmetrical cross in cross-section. Gemmological constants confirmed by
+  Fernandes & Choudhary 2009, Gems & Gemology 45(2):120-129 (DOI 10.5741/gems.45.2.120)
+  [VERIFIED]. Colour cause: Fe3+ substitution producing pleochroic absorption pattern.
+  Two cleavage directions at ~90°; avoid hard impacts. Standard gem material from Brazil;
+  chiastolite as collector's item from Spain.
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Andalusite
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Andalusite
+    #! System: Orthorhombic (mmm)
+    #! Habit: Coarse prismatic with square cross-section
+    orthorhombic[mmm]:{110}@1.0 + {010}@0.7 + {001}@0.4
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Coarse prismatic crystals with near-square cross-section; {110} prism dominant. Strong trichroism
+    (red/olive-green/orange-yellow) is the diagnostic optical feature. Gem quality from Brazil
+    (Minas Gerais). Biaxial negative with 2V ~85°.
+  forms:
+  - prism
+  - pinacoid
+- slug: chiastolite
+  name: Chiastolite (Andalusite variety)
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Chiastolite (carbonaceous Andalusite)
+    #! System: Orthorhombic (mmm)
+    #! Habit: Prismatic with cross-shaped carbonaceous inclusions
+    orthorhombic[mmm]:{110}@1.0 + {010}@0.7[inclusion:carbonaceous_cross]
+  is_primary: false
+  form_description: >
+    Variety of andalusite containing carbonaceous (graphite-rich) inclusions arranged in a
+    symmetrical cross parallel to the prism faces; visible in cross-section cabochons.
+    Grey, brown, and white body colour. Spain and California localities.
+  forms:
+  - prism

data/source/minerals/benitoite.yaml

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+id: benitoite
+name: Benitoite
+crystal_system: hexagonal
+point_group: "-6m2"
+chemistry: BaTiSi3O9
+mineral_group: Benitoite group (cyclosilicates)
+category: Cyclosilicates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 6-6.5
+sg: 3.65-3.68
+ri: 1.757-1.804
+birefringence: 0.047
+optical_character: Uniaxial +
+dispersion: 0.044
+lustre: Adamantine to vitreous
+cleavage: Poor {1010}
+fracture: Conchoidal
+diagnostic_features: "Intense blue fluorescence under shortwave UV (SWUV) — the most immediately diagnostic field test; strong dichroism (vivid blue / colourless in dichroscope); very high birefringence 0.047 (strong fire and doubling); RI above standard refractometer range (1.79 limit); only commercial source: New Idria district, San Benito County, California"
+pleochroism: Strong dichroism
+pleochroism_strength: strong
+pleochroism_color1: Vivid blue (ordinary ray perpendicular to c-axis)
+pleochroism_color2: Colourless to pale blue (extraordinary ray along c-axis)
+colors:
+- Vivid blue (primary gem colour)
+- Colourless
+- Rarely pinkish-orange
+treatments:
+- None known
+localities:
+- San Benito County, California, USA (the only commercial source worldwide; gem-quality crystals in natrolite vein in blueschist)
+- Non-gem occurrences in Japan, Belgium, Australia, Czech Republic
+inclusions:
+- Generally clean
+- Occasional two-phase fluid inclusions
+- Neptunite crystals (black associated mineral in matrix specimens)
+notes: >
+  BaTiSi3O9; barium titanium cyclosilicate; hexagonal point group -6m2 (ditrigonal dipyramidal).
+  Crystals have a triangular (not hexagonal) outline due to this point group. State gemstone
+  of California since 1985. Primary gemmological reference: Laurs, Rohtert & Gray 1997,
+  Gems & Gemology 33(3):166-187 (DOI 10.5741/gems.33.3.166) [VERIFIED via live API].
+  SWUV fluorescence mechanism confirmed by Vigier, Fritsch et al. 2023, Minerals 13(1):104
+  (DOI 10.3390/min13010104) [VERIFIED via live API]: colour from O2- to Ti4+ ligand-to-metal
+  charge transfer in TiO6 groups. Fluorescence characterisation by Zhang & Shen 2023
+  (DOI 10.3390/min13050626) [VERIFIED]. Dispersion 0.044 is equal to diamond; confirmed per
+  VERIFIED.md Conflict 8 (no conflict; both values accurate). RI 1.757-1.804 is above standard
+  refractometer range; SG measurable hydrostatically.
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Benitoite (Tabular Crystal)
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Benitoite (BaTiSi3O9)
+    #! System: Hexagonal (-6m2, ditrigonal dipyramidal)
+    #! Habit: Tabular to pyramidal triangular crystals; vivid blue
+    hexagonal[-6m2]:{10-10}@1.0 + {11-20}@0.6 + {10-11}@0.8
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Barium titanium cyclosilicate; hexagonal point group -6m2. Crystals characteristically
+    triangular in outline (not hexagonal). Vivid blue from O2- to Ti4+ charge transfer.
+    Intense SWUV fluorescence is the primary field diagnostic. Only facetable gem source:
+    San Benito County, California. Uniaxial positive; birefringence 0.047.
+  forms:
+  - dipyramid
+  - prism

data/source/minerals/bronzite.yaml

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+id: bronzite
+name: Bronzite
+crystal_system: orthorhombic
+point_group: mmm
+chemistry: (Mg,Fe)2Si2O6
+mineral_group: Pyroxene group (orthopyroxene)
+category: Inosilicates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 5-6
+sg: 3.20-3.50
+ri: 1.653-1.710
+birefringence: 0.008-0.011
+optical_character: Biaxial +
+dispersion: null
+lustre: Sub-metallic (bronzite schiller); vitreous to sub-vitreous (enstatite)
+cleavage: Two {110} pyroxene cleavages at ~90° (good)
+fracture: Uneven
+diagnostic_features: "Bronze sub-metallic schiller from oriented iron-oxide exsolution lamellae (diagnostic for bronzite variety); cat's-eye variety (fibrous hollow tube inclusions); biaxial positive; SG 3.20-3.50"
+pleochroism: Weak trichroism
+pleochroism_strength: weak
+pleochroism_color1: Brownish-yellow
+pleochroism_color2: Pale brown
+pleochroism_notes: Weak trichroism in Fe-bearing material
+colors:
+- Brownish-green to bronze-coloured with metallic schiller (bronzite)
+- Pale grey to pale green, yellowish-brown (enstatite)
+- Grey-green (cat's-eye enstatite)
+treatments:
+- None known
+localities:
+- Sri Lanka (cat's-eye enstatite; Embilipitiya and alluvial areas)
+- India (Tamil Nadu; associated with corundum)
+- Myanmar (in gem gravels)
+inclusions:
+- Exsolution lamellae of iron oxides (produce bronzite schiller)
+- Cat's-eye: fibrous hollow tubes parallel to c-axis
+- Chromite and other ultramafic minerals
+notes: >
+  Enstatite (Mg2Si2O6) with significant Fe2+ substitution (bronzite ~10-30 mol% Fe as
+  ferrosilite end-member); formula (Mg,Fe)2Si2O6. Bronzite is an obsolete trade name — IMA
+  now uses enstatite with Fe content noted; bronzite persists in gem trade. Orthorhombic mmm
+  (orthoenstatite; stable low-temperature polymorph); clinoenstatite is monoclinic.
+  Cat's-eye enstatite from Sri Lanka (Embilipitiya) confirmed by Zwaan 1996, Gems & Gemology
+  32(4):262-269 (DOI 10.5741/gems.32.4.262) [VERIFIED]: "Enstatite, Cordierite, Kornerupine,
+  and Scapolite with Unusual Properties from Embilipitiya, Sri Lanka." Sri Lanka gem island
+  overview: Zwaan 1982 (DOI 10.5741/gems.18.2.62) [VERIFIED]. Constants from Read 7th ed.
+  (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED]. Bronze schiller from exsolution
+  lamellae of iron oxide is the diagnostic feature for bronzite variety.
+expressions:
+- slug: bronzite
+  name: Bronzite (Schiller variety)
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Bronzite (Fe-enstatite variety; orthopyroxene)
+    #! System: Orthorhombic (mmm)
+    #! Habit: Massive; bronze schiller from exsolution lamellae
+    orthorhombic[mmm]:{110}@1.0 + {010}@0.6[inclusion:exsolution_lamellae]
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Fe-bearing orthopyroxene (bronzite variety); orthorhombic mmm. Bronze sub-metallic schiller
+    from oriented iron-oxide exsolution lamellae is the characteristic visual feature.
+    Sri Lanka (Embilipitiya) produces unusual cat's-eye enstatite variety.
+  forms:
+  - prism
+  - massive
+- slug: cats-eye-enstatite
+  name: Cat's-Eye Enstatite
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Cat's-Eye Enstatite (orthopyroxene)
+    #! System: Orthorhombic (mmm)
+    #! Habit: Fibrous hollow tube inclusions parallel to c-axis; chatoyancy
+    orthorhombic[mmm]:{110}@1.0 + {001}@0.4[inclusion:fibrous_tubes]
+  is_primary: false
+  form_description: >
+    Chatoyant variety of enstatite; fibrous hollow tube inclusions parallel to c-axis produce
+    a sharp cat's-eye in cabochon cut. Sri Lanka (Embilipitiya) is the primary source.
+    Distinguished from chrysoberyl cat's-eye by lower RI, SG, and biaxial positive optic sign.
+  forms:
+  - prism

data/source/minerals/chrome-diopside.yaml

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+id: chrome-diopside
+name: Chrome Diopside
+crystal_system: monoclinic
+point_group: 2/m
+chemistry: CaMg1-xCrxSi2O6
+mineral_group: Pyroxene group
+category: Inosilicates
+origin: natural
+hardness: 5.5-6.5
+sg: 3.22-3.38
+ri: 1.664-1.701
+birefringence: 0.024-0.031
+optical_character: Biaxial +
+dispersion: 0.013-0.020
+lustre: Vitreous
+cleavage: Two perfect {110} pyroxene cleavages at ~90°
+fracture: Conchoidal
+diagnostic_features: "Biaxial positive (distinguishes from emerald biaxial negative, chrome tourmaline uniaxial negative, tsavorite isotropic); moderate birefringence 0.024-0.031 (visible doubling in deeper stones); RI 1.664-1.701 (higher than emerald 1.565-1.602, much lower than tsavorite 1.734-1.759); Chelsea filter red (Cr3+ — same as emerald, NOT diagnostic for separation); Inagli deposit Yakutia as primary source"
+pleochroism: Weak to moderate trichroism
+pleochroism_strength: weak
+pleochroism_color1: Vivid green
+pleochroism_color2: Pale green
+pleochroism_notes: Three shades of green; less dramatic than tourmaline or alexandrite
+colors:
+- Vivid emerald-green to medium green
+treatments:
+- Generally not treated
+- Low-quality material may be fracture-filled (rare)
+localities:
+- Russia (Inagli deposit, Yakutia/Sakha Republic; also described as Sayan Mountains in trade; primary world source)
+- Finland (minor green diopside)
+- Pakistan (chromiferous diopside)
+- Myanmar (minor)
+- Canada (Ontario, Quebec; minor chrome diopside in kimberlites)
+inclusions:
+- Silicate and sulfate melt inclusions (from Inagli deposit)
+- Two-phase fluid inclusions
+- Occasional chromite crystals
+notes: >
+  Chromiferous variety of diopside (CaMgSi2O6); Cr3+ substitutes for Mg2+ in M1 site.
+  Colour from Cr3+ (same chromophore as ruby and emerald, but different field strength
+  producing green). Monoclinic 2/m. Note: this file is the chromiferous variety;
+  diopside.yaml is the general species entry. Use id: chrome-diopside to avoid collision.
+  Inagli deposit as primary source confirmed by Naumov, Kamenetsky et al. 2008, Geochemistry
+  International 46(6) (DOI 10.1134/s0016702908060025) [VERIFIED]: silicate and sulfate
+  melt inclusions in chrome diopside from Inagli, Yakutia. Gem localities confirmed by
+  Shigley et al. 2000 (DOI 10.5741/gems.36.4.292) [VERIFIED]. Constants from Read 7th ed.
+  (DOI 10.4324/9780080507224) [PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED].
+  Key separation from lookalikes: biaxial positive optic sign (emerald biaxial negative;
+  tsavorite isotropic; tourmaline uniaxial negative). RI 1.664-1.701 is intermediate.
+expressions:
+- slug: default
+  name: Chrome Diopside
+  cdl: |
+    #! Species: Chrome Diopside (CaMgSi2O6:Cr)
+    #! System: Monoclinic (2/m)
+    #! Habit: Short prismatic; vivid green from Cr3+
+    monoclinic[2/m]:{110}@1.0 + {010}@0.7 + {001}@0.4
+  is_primary: true
+  form_description: >
+    Chromiferous pyroxene; monoclinic 2/m. Vivid emerald-green from Cr3+ in M1 site.
+    Biaxial positive — key distinction from emerald (biaxial negative) and tsavorite (isotropic).
+    Two perfect pyroxene cleavages at ~90°; protect from impacts. Primary source: Inagli,
+    Yakutia, Russia.
+  forms:
+  - prism
+  - pinacoid