Revise and expand on C/C++ language support section

[catamorphism]

I tried to define some undefined terms, and verified the commands and their output.

[vados-cosmonic]

Thanks for the update and run through the C docs @catamorphism !

[vados-cosmonic]

We've quite intentionally avoided putting other tutorial examples inside this codebase, but I'm thinking we should reconsider that. I'd personally like to see all code we put in the language guides hosted in component-docs so we can at least test them via CI.

That said, this has come up and we decided against it -- maybe I'm misremembering.

Thoughts @itowlson , @kate-goldenring ?

[catamorphism]

Yes, that was my thought -- that if the code examples were in separate files, they could eventually be tested in CI.

[vados-cosmonic]

Suggested change

printf("%d", result);

We can probably get rid of the stdio.h requirement which allows for more minimal components. adder should technically not need wasi:cli

[catamorphism]

I think the point of including the example that uses printf was to show what happens if you use WASI interfaces and don't include the --adapt flag?

[vados-cosmonic]

Ahh thank you sorry I lost this context. This would be fine as-is, but what do you think about adding a comment here? Above the printf that explains a little more (and at a glance anyone who sees this file will understand the point of the example).

I'm thinking of a note like:

// On traditional platforms, printf() prints to stdout, but on Wasm platforms
// stdout and the idea of printing to output stream is introduced and managed by
// WASI. 
//
// When building this code with wasi-libc (as a part of wasi-sdk), the printf call
// below is replaced with code that uses `wasi:cli/stdout` and `wasi:io/streams`.

[vados-cosmonic]

LGTM 🚀

Thanks for making these changes @catamorphism -- at this point I think once we have some input from others on the including-example-code-in-the-repo issue and the other stuff resolved we should merge this in.

If we haven't seen movement/discussion on the other stuff by monday, let's move this forward and merge.