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97c2825
Add placeholders for new folder and pages and fill in frontmatter
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 14, 2024
3990553
Add outline for index.mdx and fill in TLS background info
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 14, 2024
a6bfb7f
Apply suggestion: Reword intro to TLS building blocks
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 15, 2024
9a2e327
Fix typo and reword index.mdx meta description
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 15, 2024
691a805
Improve parallelism, refine text, and link out to TLS handshake LC
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 15, 2024
55a8f2a
Fill in hybrid key agreement section
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 15, 2024
7740221
Complete visitor-to-cloudflare intro paragraph
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 15, 2024
7e0b9a1
Add mermaid digram for connections and reword #2
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 15, 2024
8d5d0c8
Fix Internet capitalization
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 15, 2024
f815122
Rename file, fill in, and link to pqc-support
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 18, 2024
501a6d5
Fix capitalization and fill in Intenal connections section
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 18, 2024
769a0df
Fill in Cf to origin and review titles and headings
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 19, 2024
d8a58a8
Fix missing hyphen and touch up pqc-to-origin description
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 19, 2024
8b65760
Add split ClientHello and HRR workaround to pqc-to-origin
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 19, 2024
05fe350
Add setup instructions to pqc-to-origin
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 19, 2024
2fc8ef7
Apply suggestion from code review
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 19, 2024
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Apply suggestions from code review
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 20, 2024
f029142
Replace store by harvest, adjust RFC link cf Style Guide, and split l…
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 20, 2024
66bd9f8
Add reference to PQ signatures and link out to blog
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 20, 2024
e11cab4
Fix origin server section to use fork and bssl for both cases
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 21, 2024
ed2f4c0
Add link to Cloudflare Radar
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 21, 2024
ce59ab9
Text review and move link to Radar higher up in the page
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 21, 2024
cf3fd60
Simplify origin server instructions to use BoringSSL instead of fork
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 22, 2024
7f6dfea
Overall text review and remove previous origin instructions
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 22, 2024
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Apply suggestion from code review
RebeccaTamachiro Nov 22, 2024
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70 changes: 70 additions & 0 deletions src/content/docs/ssl/post-quantum-cryptography/index.mdx
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---
pcx_content_type: concept
title: Post-quantum cryptography (PQC)
sidebar:
order: 9
label: About PQC
group:
label: Post-quantum
head: []
description: Get an overview of how Cloudflare is implementing post-quantum cryptography to protect you against store now, decrypt later.
---

For years, Cloudflare has been researching and [writing about post quantum](https://blog.cloudflare.com/tag/post-quantum/).

To protect you against the risk of [store now, decrypt later](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_now,_decrypt_later), and considering all the [connections](#three-connections-in-the-life-of-a-request) that take place when your website or application is on Cloudflare, we have deployed and are actively expanding the use of post-quantum hybrid key agreement.

:::caution[TLS 1.3]
Post-quantum key agreements are only supported in protocols based on TLS 1.3 (including HTTP/3) and are disabled for websites in [FIPS mode](/cloudflare-one/policies/gateway/http-policies/tls-decryption/#fips-compliance).
:::

## Three building blocks of TLS

Before TLS can protect your communications, three cryptographic algorithms have to be agreed on during the [TLS handshake](https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ssl/what-happens-in-a-tls-handshake/):

- **Symmetric ciphers:** Algorithms used to encrypt and decrypt data, ensuring confidentiality and integrity (such as `CHACHA20-POLY1305`).
- **Key agreement:** A cryptographic protocol that allows client and server to safely agree on a shared key (such as `ECDH`).
- **Signature algorithms:** Cryptographic algorithms used to generate the digital signatures in TLS certificates (such as `RSA` and `ECDSA`).

As explained in our [blog post](https://blog.cloudflare.com/pq-2024/#two-migrations), the first, most urgent migration has to do with key agreement.

### Hybrid key agreement

With TLS 1.3, [X25519](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve25519) - an Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) protocol - is the current standard used in key agreement. However, its security can be easily broken by quantum computers using [Shor's algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shor%27s_algorithm).

In response to this, Cloudflare is an early adopter of ML-KEM, the post-quantum key agreement selected by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). For a detailed timeline and more background information refer to [The state of the post-quantum internet](https://blog.cloudflare.com/pq-2024/).

Cloudflare has deployed the following hybrid key agreements:

- [X25519MLKEM768](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-kwiatkowski-tls-ecdhe-mlkem/) (Recommended)
- TLS identifier: `0x11ec`
- [X25519Kyber768Draft00](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-tls-westerbaan-xyber768d00/) (Obsolete)
- TLS identifier: `0x6399`

A hybrid key agreement lays the groundwork as more and more [clients](#visitor-to-cloudflare) adopt post-quantum cryptograph, while also maintaining the current security provided by X25519. It is a safer path in case of an unexpected breakthrough that renders all variants of ML-KEM insecure.

## Three connections in the life of a request

```mermaid
flowchart LR
accTitle: Three connections - from visitor to Cloudflare to origin server
accDescr: Diagram showing connections for an uncached request.
A[Visitor]
subgraph Cloudflare
X[(Cloudflare <br />service A)]
B[(Cloudflare <br />service B)]
end
C[(Origin server)]

A --1--> X
X --2--> B
B --3--> C
```

### 1. Visitor to Cloudflare

As of [october 2023](https://blog.cloudflare.com/post-quantum-for-all/), all websites and APIs served through Cloudflare over TLS 1.3 support post-quantum hybrid key agreement. However, the connection is only post-quantum secured if the client also supports post-quantum cryptography.

### 2. Internal connections

### 3. Cloudflare to your origin
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---
pcx_content_type: how-to
title: Enable PQC to your origin
sidebar:
order: 2
label: PQC to your origin
head: []
description: Learn how to enable post-quantum cryptography in connections from Cloudflare to your origin servers.
---
8 changes: 8 additions & 0 deletions src/content/docs/ssl/post-quantum-cryptography/reference.mdx
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---
pcx_content_type: reference
title: PQC support
sidebar:
order: 3
head: []
description: Consider information about post-quantum cryptography at Cloudflare - deployed key agreements, software support, protected products, and more.
---
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