open-telemetry · marcalff · Mar 20, 2026 · Mar 20, 2026 · Mar 20, 2026 · Mar 20, 2026
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Checks: >
   -*,
   performance-*,
   portability-*,
+  -portability-template-virtual-member-function,
   abseil-*,
   -abseil-string-find-str-contains,
   bugprone-*,

@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         include:
           - cmake_options: all-options-abiv1-preview
-            warning_limit: 204
+            warning_limit: 170
           - cmake_options: all-options-abiv2-preview
-            warning_limit: 206
+            warning_limit: 166
     env:
       CC: /usr/bin/clang-18
       CXX: /usr/bin/clang++-18

@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ Increment the:
 
 ## [Unreleased]
 
+* [CODE HEALTH] Fix clang tidy warnings in API `common` and `context`
+  [#3948](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-cpp/pull/3948)
+
 ## [1.26.0] 2026-03-19
 
 * [RELEASE] Bump main branch to 1.26.0-dev

@@ -17,7 +17,12 @@ namespace common
 class KeyValueIterable
 {
 public:
-  virtual ~KeyValueIterable() = default;
+  KeyValueIterable()                                        = default;
+  KeyValueIterable(const KeyValueIterable &)                = default;
+  KeyValueIterable &operator=(const KeyValueIterable &)     = default;
+  KeyValueIterable(KeyValueIterable &&) noexcept            = default;
+  KeyValueIterable &operator=(KeyValueIterable &&) noexcept = default;
+  virtual ~KeyValueIterable()                               = default;
 
   /**
    * Iterate over key-value pairs
@@ -40,8 +45,6 @@ class KeyValueIterable
 class NoopKeyValueIterable : public KeyValueIterable
 {
 public:
-  ~NoopKeyValueIterable() override = default;
-
   /**
    * No-op implementation: does not invoke the callback, even if key-value pairs are present.
    * @return true without iterating or invoking the callback

@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ MakeAttributes(
  * @return common::KeyValueIterable
  */
 inline static const common::KeyValueIterable &MakeAttributes(
-    const common::KeyValueIterable &attributes) noexcept
+    const common::KeyValueIterable &attributes OPENTELEMETRY_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND) noexcept
 {
   return attributes;
 }

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class KeyValueStringTokenizer
   KeyValueStringTokenizer(
       nostd::string_view str,
       const KeyValueStringTokenizerOptions &opts = KeyValueStringTokenizerOptions()) noexcept
-      : str_(str), opts_(opts), index_(0)
+      : str_(str), opts_(opts)
   {}
 
   static nostd::string_view GetDefaultKeyOrValue()
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class KeyValueStringTokenizer
 private:
   nostd::string_view str_;
   KeyValueStringTokenizerOptions opts_;
-  size_t index_;
+  size_t index_{};
 };
 
 // Class to store fixed size array of key-value pairs of string type
@@ -140,7 +140,8 @@ class KeyValueProperties
   class Entry
   {
   public:
-    Entry() : key_(nullptr), value_(nullptr) {}
+    Entry()  = default;
+    ~Entry() = default;
 
     // Copy constructor
     Entry(const Entry &copy)
@@ -150,16 +151,20 @@ class KeyValueProperties
     }
 
     // Copy assignment operator
-    Entry &operator=(Entry &other)
+    Entry &operator=(const Entry &other)
     {
+      if (this == &other)
+      {
+        return *this;
+      }
       key_   = CopyStringToPointer(other.key_.get());
       value_ = CopyStringToPointer(other.value_.get());
       return *this;
     }
 
     // Move contructor and assignment operator
-    Entry(Entry &&other)            = default;
-    Entry &operator=(Entry &&other) = default;
+    Entry(Entry &&other) noexcept            = default;
+    Entry &operator=(Entry &&other) noexcept = default;
 
     // Creates an Entry for a given key-value pair.
     Entry(nostd::string_view key, nostd::string_view value)
@@ -194,29 +199,25 @@ class KeyValueProperties
   };
 
   // Maintain the number of entries in entries_.
-  size_t num_entries_;
+  size_t num_entries_{};
 
   // Max size of allocated array
-  size_t max_num_entries_;
+  size_t max_num_entries_{};
 
   // Store entries in a C-style array to avoid using std::array or std::vector.
   nostd::unique_ptr<Entry[]> entries_;
 
 public:
   // Create Key-value list of given size
   // @param size : Size of list.
-  KeyValueProperties(size_t size) noexcept
-      : num_entries_(0), max_num_entries_(size), entries_(new Entry[size])
-  {}
+  KeyValueProperties(size_t size) noexcept : max_num_entries_(size), entries_(new Entry[size]) {}
 
   // Create Empty Key-Value list
-  KeyValueProperties() noexcept : num_entries_(0), max_num_entries_(0), entries_(nullptr) {}
+  KeyValueProperties() noexcept = default;
 
   template <class T, class = typename std::enable_if<detail::is_key_value_iterable<T>::value>::type>
   KeyValueProperties(const T &keys_and_values) noexcept
-      : num_entries_(0),
-        max_num_entries_(keys_and_values.size()),
-        entries_(new Entry[max_num_entries_])
+      : max_num_entries_(keys_and_values.size()), entries_(new Entry[max_num_entries_])
   {
     for (auto &e : keys_and_values)
     {

@@ -56,6 +56,8 @@ class SpinLockMutex
   ~SpinLockMutex() noexcept                       = default;
   SpinLockMutex(const SpinLockMutex &)            = delete;
   SpinLockMutex &operator=(const SpinLockMutex &) = delete;
+  SpinLockMutex(SpinLockMutex &&)                 = delete;
+  SpinLockMutex &operator=(SpinLockMutex &&)      = delete;
 
   static inline void fast_yield() noexcept
   {

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class Context
   template <class T>
   Context SetValues(T &values) noexcept
   {
-    Context context                  = Context(values);
+    Context context(values);
     nostd::shared_ptr<DataList> last = context.head_;
     while (last->next_ != nullptr)
     {
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class Context
   // exisiting list to the end of the new list.
   Context SetValue(nostd::string_view key, ContextValue value) noexcept
   {
-    Context context      = Context(key, std::move(value));
+    Context context(key, std::move(value));
     context.head_->next_ = head_;
     return context;
   }
@@ -92,11 +92,11 @@ class Context
   // A linked list to contain the keys and values of this context node
   struct DataList
   {
-    char *key_ = nullptr;
+    char *key_{nullptr};
 
     nostd::shared_ptr<DataList> next_{nullptr};
 
-    size_t key_length_ = 0UL;
+    size_t key_length_{};
 
     ContextValue value_;
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class Context
     {
       bool first = true;
       auto *node = this;
-      for (auto &iter : keys_and_vals)
+      for (const auto &iter : keys_and_vals)
       {
         if (first)
         {
@@ -126,29 +126,28 @@ class Context
     // Builds a data list with just a key and value, so it will just be the head
     // and returns that head.
     DataList(nostd::string_view key, ContextValue value)
+        : key_{new char[key.size()]},
+          next_{nostd::shared_ptr<DataList>{nullptr}},
+          key_length_{key.size()},
+          value_{std::move(value)}
     {
-      key_        = new char[key.size()];
-      key_length_ = key.size();
       std::memcpy(key_, key.data(), key.size() * sizeof(char));
-      next_  = nostd::shared_ptr<DataList>{nullptr};
-      value_ = std::move(value);
     }
 
-    DataList(const DataList &other)
-        : key_(new char[other.key_length_]),
-          next_(other.next_),
-          key_length_(other.key_length_),
-          value_(other.value_)
-    {
-      std::memcpy(key_, other.key_, other.key_length_ * sizeof(char));
-    }
+    // Delete unused special member functions
+    DataList(const DataList &other)            = delete;
+    DataList(DataList &&other) noexcept        = delete;
+    DataList &operator=(const DataList &other) = delete;
 
+    // Move assignment operator is only called by DataList(const T &keys_and_vals)
+    // The moved to object has default member values
     DataList &operator=(DataList &&other) noexcept
     {
       key_length_ = other.key_length_;
       value_      = std::move(other.value_);
       next_       = std::move(other.next_);
 
+      // key_ has a default nullptr value and does not need to be deleted before this assignment
       key_       = other.key_;
       other.key_ = nullptr;
 

@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ namespace propagation
 class TextMapCarrier
 {
 public:
+  TextMapCarrier()                                      = default;
+  TextMapCarrier(const TextMapCarrier &)                = default;
+  TextMapCarrier &operator=(const TextMapCarrier &)     = default;
+  TextMapCarrier(TextMapCarrier &&) noexcept            = default;
+  TextMapCarrier &operator=(TextMapCarrier &&) noexcept = default;
+
   // returns the value associated with the passed key.
   virtual nostd::string_view Get(nostd::string_view key) const noexcept = 0;
 
@@ -42,6 +48,12 @@ class TextMapCarrier
 class TextMapPropagator
 {
 public:
+  TextMapPropagator()                                         = default;
+  TextMapPropagator(const TextMapPropagator &)                = default;
+  TextMapPropagator &operator=(const TextMapPropagator &)     = default;
+  TextMapPropagator(TextMapPropagator &&) noexcept            = default;
+  TextMapPropagator &operator=(TextMapPropagator &&) noexcept = default;
+
   // Returns the context that is stored in the carrier with the TextMapCarrier as extractor.
   virtual context::Context Extract(const TextMapCarrier &carrier,
                                    context::Context &context) noexcept = 0;

@@ -24,6 +24,11 @@ namespace context
 class Token
 {
 public:
+  Token(const Token &)            = delete;
+  Token &operator=(const Token &) = delete;
+  Token(Token &&)                 = delete;
+  Token &operator=(Token &&)      = delete;
+
   bool operator==(const Context &other) const noexcept { return context_ == other; }
 
   virtual ~Token() noexcept;
@@ -35,6 +40,8 @@ class Token
   // one that was passed in.
   Token(const Context &context) : context_(context) {}
 
+  // Keep the context_ member as const to ensure the Token is immutable.
+  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-const-or-ref-data-members)
   const Context context_;
 };
 
@@ -48,6 +55,13 @@ class Token
 class OPENTELEMETRY_EXPORT RuntimeContextStorage
 {
 public:
+  RuntimeContextStorage() = default;
+  // Keep RuntimeContextStorage copyable but not movable to preserve the existing API.
+  RuntimeContextStorage(const RuntimeContextStorage &)                = default;
+  RuntimeContextStorage &operator=(const RuntimeContextStorage &)     = default;
+  RuntimeContextStorage(RuntimeContextStorage &&) noexcept            = delete;
+  RuntimeContextStorage &operator=(RuntimeContextStorage &&) noexcept = delete;
+
   /**
    * Return the current context.
    * @return the current context
@@ -68,7 +82,7 @@ class OPENTELEMETRY_EXPORT RuntimeContextStorage
    */
   virtual bool Detach(Token &token) noexcept = 0;
 
-  virtual ~RuntimeContextStorage() {}
+  virtual ~RuntimeContextStorage() = default;
 
 protected:
   nostd::unique_ptr<Token> CreateToken(const Context &context) noexcept
@@ -261,7 +275,11 @@ class ThreadLocalContextStorage : public RuntimeContextStorage
      */
     static constexpr size_t max_capacity_ = 1000000;
 
-    Stack() noexcept : size_(0), capacity_(0), base_(nullptr) {}
+    Stack() noexcept                = default;
+    Stack(const Stack &)            = delete;
+    Stack &operator=(const Stack &) = delete;
+    Stack(Stack &&)                 = delete;
+    Stack &operator=(Stack &&)      = delete;
 
     // Pops the top Context off the stack.
     void Pop() noexcept
@@ -359,14 +377,14 @@ class ThreadLocalContextStorage : public RuntimeContextStorage
 
     ~Stack() noexcept { delete[] base_; }
 
-    size_t size_;
-    size_t capacity_;
-    Context *base_;
+    size_t size_{};
+    size_t capacity_{};
+    Context *base_{nullptr};
   };
 
   OPENTELEMETRY_API_SINGLETON Stack &GetStack()
   {
-    static thread_local Stack stack_ = Stack();
+    static thread_local Stack stack_{};
     return stack_;
   }
 };

@@ -49,6 +49,15 @@ TEST(EntryTest, Assignment)
   EXPECT_EQ(empty.GetValue(), e.GetValue());
 }
 
+TEST(EntryTest, SelfAssignment)
+{
+  KeyValueProperties::Entry e("test_key", "test_value");
+  KeyValueProperties::Entry &self = e;
+  e                               = self;
+  EXPECT_EQ(e.GetKey(), "test_key");
+  EXPECT_EQ(e.GetValue(), "test_value");
+}
+
 TEST(EntryTest, SetValue)
 {
   KeyValueProperties::Entry e("test_key", "test_value");

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 # Copyright The OpenTelemetry Authors
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-set -e
+set -eo pipefail
 
 function install_prometheus_cpp_client
 {