Minor additions to internal logs

[cijothomas]

Incremental additions. Will keep reviewing and tweaking internal logs to make sure we can troubleshoot issues easily and consistently across signals.
This PR mostly adds debug level logs, and 1-3 INFO level.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 90.90909% with 3 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 79.5%. Comparing base (ebeeea1) to head (e597b25).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
opentelemetry-sdk/src/metrics/meter_provider.rs	90.9%	2 Missing ⚠️
opentelemetry-sdk/src/metrics/periodic_reader.rs	80.0%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@          Coverage Diff          @@
##            main   #2330   +/-   ##
=====================================
  Coverage   79.4%   79.5%           
=====================================
  Files        123     123           
  Lines      21271   21295   +24     
=====================================
+ Hits       16910   16935   +25     
+ Misses      4361    4360    -1     

☔ View full report in Codecov by Sentry.
📢 Have feedback on the report? Share it here.

---

🚨 Try these New Features:

• Flaky Tests Detection - Detect and resolve failed and flaky tests