Add and use i2c_probe_fn_t + probe_i2c_buses

[peterbarker]

Building on #31384 , factors common iteration-of-rangefinder-buses into a method, saving LoC and flash.

Board                    AP_Periph  antennatracker  blimp  bootloader  copter  heli  iofirmware  plane  rover  sub
CubeOrange-periph-heavy  *                                 *                                                   
Durandal                            *               *      *           -392    -392              -392   -392   -392
Hitec-Airspeed           *                                 *                                                   
KakuteH7-bdshot                     *               *      *           -376    -376              -376   -376   -376
MatekF405                           *               *      *           32      24                32     24     24
Pixhawk1-1M-bdshot                  *               *                  -392    -384              -392   -384   -392
SITL_x86_64_linux_gnu               *               *                  0       0                 0      0      0
f103-QiotekPeriph        *                                 *                                                   
f303-MatekGPS            -344                              *                                                   
f303-Universal           -336                              *                                                   
iomcu                                                                                *                         
mindpx-v2                           *               *      *           -400    -392              -392   -392   -400
revo-mini                           *               *      *           24      24                32     32     24
skyviper-v2450                                                         *                                       
speedybeef4                         *               *      *           24      32                32     32     32

(the Matek board etc. only includes a single i2c backend, so it will only benefit if we add a second in there)

[peterbarker]

Relying on the autotests to check these - we have simulators for each of these, I've looked at the results and they seem good.

[IamPete1]

This one was missing the delete.