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EN_Linux_Basics
somaz edited this page Mar 30, 2026
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Linux is an operating system developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991. It is based on the Unix operating system and can be considered a Unix clone.
Like Unix, Linux is a network operating system supporting multiple users, multitasking, and multithreading. It is optimized for server operation, reflecting its initial design for communication networks.
Additionally, Linux is under a free software license, allowing anyone to use, modify, and redistribute its source code. This encourages continuous improvements and upgrades.
Key Components of Linux:
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Kernel
- The core part of Linux, responsible for managing system resources and facilitating communication between hardware and software.
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Shell
- A command-line interface for interacting with the operating system.
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File System
- Organizes how data is stored and retrieved. Linux uses a hierarchical directory structure starting from the root (
/).
- Organizes how data is stored and retrieved. Linux uses a hierarchical directory structure starting from the root (
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Processes
- Each instance of a running program.
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User and Group Management
- Linux is a multi-user system, allowing multiple users to share resources and access the system simultaneously.
| Feature | Red Hat | Debian |
|---|---|---|
| Package Manager |
yum / dnf
|
apt |
| Package Format | RPM | DEB |
| Release Cycle | Fixed with RHEL; rolling with Fedora | Stable release cycle with Testing & Unstable branches |
| Default Init System | systemd |
systemd (since Debian 8 Jessie) |
| Supported Architectures | Wide range, including IBM Z and Power | Wide range, with focus on i386 and amd64 |
| Security Updates | Provided by Red Hat with subscription | Provided by the Debian Security Team |
| Commercial Support | Available from Red Hat | Available through third parties |
| Community | Fedora for community-driven innovation | Debian is entirely community-driven |
| Enterprise Focus | Strong with Red Hat Enterprise Linux | Available via Debian stable |
| Action | Debian (using APT) | Red Hat (using YUM/DNF) |
|---|---|---|
| Install a package | sudo apt install package_name |
sudo yum install package_name or sudo dnf install package_name
|
| Remove a package | sudo apt remove package_name |
sudo yum remove package_name or sudo dnf remove package_name
|
| Search for a package | apt search package_name |
yum search package_name or dnf search package_name
|
| Update package index | sudo apt update |
sudo yum check-update or sudo dnf check-update
|
| Upgrade packages | sudo apt upgrade |
sudo yum update or sudo dnf upgrade
|
| Add a repository | sudo add-apt-repository 'deb [options] url distribution component' |
sudo yum-config-manager --add-repo repository_url or sudo dnf config-manager --add-repo repository_url
|
| Remove a repository | sudo add-apt-repository --remove 'deb [options] url distribution component' |
sudo yum-config-manager --remove-repo repository_url or sudo dnf config-manager --remove-repo repository_url
|
| List installed packages | apt list --installed |
yum list installed or dnf list installed
|
| Find out what package provides a file | apt-file search filename |
yum provides filename or dnf provides filename
|
| Automatic removal of unused packages | sudo apt autoremove |
sudo yum autoremove or sudo dnf autoremove
|
| View package information | apt show package_name |
yum info package_name or dnf info package_name
|
| Clean up package cache | sudo apt clean |
sudo yum clean all or sudo dnf clean all
|
| Verify Corrupted Dependencies | sudo apt check |
sudo yum check or sudo dnf check
|