apollo_consensus: add helper function to report peer

[guy-starkware]

Note

Low Risk
Pure refactor that only changes how peer-reporting is invoked on parse errors; no consensus logic or data flow changes expected.

Overview
Refactors consensus vote handling to centralize the network report_peer call into a new MultiHeightManager::report_peer helper.

On vote parse failures in handle_vote, the duplicated inline report_peer logic is replaced with the helper, keeping behavior the same while standardizing error logging when the report cannot be sent.

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[reviewable-StarkWare]

This change is 

[guy-starkware]

• apollo_network: pass the reBadPeerReport when reporting #12474
• apollo_network: struct that holds the reason the peer is considered bad #12470
• apollo_network: add BadPeerReport and PenaltyCard #12463
• apollo_consensus: check for duplicate votes before caching #12465
• apollo_consensus: add helper function to report peer #12464 👈 (View in Graphite)
• main-v0.14.1-committer

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